凌ぐ（しのぐ）Conjugation
JLPT N1 · Godan verb (Group 1) · Meaning: to endure / surpass
Full conjugation table
| Form | Japanese | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| Dictionary form The base form — casual speech and the stem for many grammar patterns. | 凌ぐ | しのぐ |
| masu (polite present) Polite present/future affirmative. | 凌ぎます | しのぎます |
| masen (polite negative) Polite present negative. | 凌ぎません | しのぎません |
| mashita (polite past) Polite past affirmative. | 凌ぎました | しのぎました |
| masen deshita (polite past neg.) Polite past negative. | 凌ぎませんでした | しのぎませんでした |
| te-form The most versatile form — linking, requests, progressive and more. | 凌いで | しのいで |
| ta (plain past) Plain past affirmative. | 凌いだ | しのいだ |
| nai (plain negative) Plain present negative. | 凌がない | しのがない |
| nakatta (plain past neg.) Plain past negative. | 凌がなかった | しのがなかった |
| Potential Ability or possibility — 'can do'. | 凌げる | しのげる |
| Passive Passive voice — 'to be done to'. | 凌がれる | しのがれる |
| Causative Causative — 'to make/let someone do'. | 凌がせる | しのがせる |
| Volitional Volitional — 'let's…' or intention. | 凌ごう | しのごう |
| Imperative Imperative — a strong command; used sparingly. | 凌げ | しのげ |
| Prohibitive Prohibitive — 'don't do it!'. | 凌ぐな | しのぐな |
| Conditional (ba) Hypothetical 'if' — leans written. | 凌げば | しのげば |
| Conditional (tara) The most versatile everyday 'if / when'. | 凌いだら | しのいだら |
Example sentences
- 寒さを厚着で凌ぐ。 — He gets through the cold by wearing heavy clothing.
- 彼の実力は他を凌ぐ。 — His ability surpasses everyone else's.