N1 Grammar ②　といえども

といえども / にもかかわらず / とはいえ — advanced concession (N1 literary)

'Even experts make mistakes.' 'Despite the difficulties, they didn't give up.' 'That said, they have good judgment.' — three formal ways to acknowledge reality while pushing forward.

What you'll learn

• といえども: 'even though one is ~' (N1 literary, very formal)
• にもかかわらず: 'despite / in spite of' (most formal written concession)
• とはいえ: 'that said / even so' — acknowledges then pivots (semi-formal)
• Register: といえども ≈ にもかかわらず (very formal) > とはいえ

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