〜によって / に対して

Depending on / directed at — advanced particles

'Laws differ depending on the country.' 'I'm angry at his behavior.' によって shows cause or agent; に対して shows what something is directed toward.

What you'll learn

• 〜によって: depending on ~ / due to ~ / by ~ (passive agent)
• 〜に対して: toward ~ / in response to ~ / attitude directed at ~
• Distinguish the two in context

JLPT N4 Japanese self-study — interactive practice, instant feedback, completely free.