〜によって / に対して

JLPT N4 Japanese self-study　·　~12 min　·　Depending on / directed at — advanced particles

'Laws differ depending on the country.' 'I'm angry at his behavior.' によって shows cause or agent; に対して shows what something is directed toward.

What you'll learn

• 〜によって: depending on ~ / due to ~ / by ~ (passive agent)
• 〜に対して: toward ~ / in response to ~ / attitude directed at ~
• Distinguish the two in context

How to study “〜によって / に対して”

“〜によって / に対して” (Depending on / directed at — advanced particles) is a JLPT N4 chapter of our free Japanese self-study course, about 12 min. You learn by doing — flashcard drills and fill-in-the-blank quizzes graded on the spot — completely free, with no sign-up and no ad wall. Once it clicks, read the matching in-depth explainer over in Grammar.