Lesson 69: 洗わせる・作らせられる
N4 · Lesson 69 · 18 min — "Make/have someone do" uses 〜せる/〜させる; "be forced to do" uses 〜させられる
Last lesson you learned the passive, "be done to". This lesson goes one step further. First you learn "make someone do" (causative). Then you combine it with the passive to say "be forced to do" (causative-passive). Start with the comic!
After this lesson, you can:
- Say "make/have someone do": 店長は リンくんに 皿を 洗わせます (The manager makes Rin wash the plates)
- Say "be forced to do": 毎日 スープを 作らせられました (I was made to cook soup every day)
- Tell the three brothers apart: 食べられる (be eaten), 食べさせる (make someone eat), 食べさせられる (be forced to eat)
Dishwasher at くまや
Last lesson, Rin was praised by a customer at his snowy-day job. This weekend he helps at くまや, and Mr. Kuma speaks up... (皿 = plate; 師匠 = master; 店長 = shop manager, what everyone calls Mr. Kuma)
Make someone do: 〜せる/〜させる. Be forced: 〜させられる (Group 1: 〜される).
Words for this lesson: working at a ramen shop
- 皿 (sara): plate
- 洗う (arau): wash
- 師匠 (shishō): master
- 弟子 (deshi): apprentice
- 店長 (tenchō): shop manager
- スープ (sūpu): soup, broth
- 四十年 前 (yonjūnen mae): forty years ago
- ねぎ (negi): green onion
- 切る (kiru): cut
- 運ぶ (hakobu): carry, bring (things)
- 野菜 (yasai): vegetables
- 掃除する (sōji suru): cleaning
- 笑う (warau): laugh
- 習う (narau): learn (from someone)
- ピアノ (piano): piano
Grammar 1 / 2: Make someone do
Causative 〜せる/〜させる: make/have someone do (can mean forcing or allowing)
- What is the causative?: It means "make/have ~ do". The person who decides takes は, the person who does it takes に, and the thing done takes を. 店長は リンくんに 皿を 洗わせます = The manager makes Rin wash the plates. When the sentence already has "thing + を", the doer takes に. When it does not, the doer often takes を: 友だちを 待たせる (make a friend wait), みんなを 笑わせる (make everyone laugh).
- How to form it: Group 1: make the ない-form, then replace ない with せる: 洗わない→洗わせる, 作らない→作らせる, 待たない→待たせる. Group 2: drop る and add させる: 食べる→食べさせる, 起きる→起きさせる. Group 3: する→させる, 来る→来させる (read: こさせる).
- The result is a Group 2 verb: After you make the causative, it conjugates like a Group 2 verb: 洗わせます, 洗わせた, 洗わせて, 洗わせない.
- Force or allow?: The same form can mean either. Context decides. 母は 子どもに 野菜を 食べさせます (A mother makes her child eat vegetables = force). To say "someone kindly let me do it", add 〜て くれる: 店長は わたしに スープを 作らせて くれました (The manager let me make the soup).
- 店長は リンくんに 皿を 洗わせました。 — The manager made Rin wash the plates.
- 母は 子どもに 野菜を 食べさせます。 — The mother makes her child eat vegetables.
- 師匠は 弟子に 毎日 掃除を させました。 — The master made his apprentice clean every day.
- 友だちを 一時間 待たせて しまいました。 — I (accidentally) made my friend wait for an hour.
- くまたくんは いつも みんなを 笑わせます。 — Kumata always makes everyone laugh.
- 店長は わたしに スープを 作らせて くれました。 — The manager let me make the soup. (a kind permission)
Grammar 2 / 2: Be forced to do
Causative-passive 〜させられる: be forced to do (something you didn't want to do)
- What is the causative-passive?: It means "be forced to do". The subject is the one who does the action, and usually doesn't want to. The forcer takes に. 店長は 師匠に スープを 作らせられました = The manager was forced by his master to make soup.
- How to form it: First make the causative. Then change the final る to られる (just like the passive): 作らせる→作らせられる, 食べさせる→食べさせられる, させる→させられる, 来させる→来させられる.
- The Group 1 short form 〜される: For Group 1, 〜せられる often shortens to 〜される (the short form is more common): 作らせられる = 作らされる, 待たせられる = 待たされる, 飲ませられる = 飲まされる. But verbs ending in す can't shorten: 話す→話させられる. Group 2 and Group 3 have no short form either.
- Tell the three brothers apart: 食べられる = be eaten (passive); 食べさせる = make/have someone eat (causative); 食べさせられる = be forced to eat yourself (causative-passive). When you see 〜させられる or 〜せられる, think "Who is forcing me?" Be careful with the Group 1 short form 〜される. Remove される. What is left in front must be the verb's あ-row (作ら, 待た, 飲ま) for it to mean "forced to". If you remove される from 話される, only 話 is left. So it is just the plain passive "be spoken to". To say "be forced to speak", use 話させられる.
- 店長は 師匠に 毎日 スープを 作らせられました。 — The manager was forced by his master to make soup every day.
- 子どもの とき、母に 野菜を 食べさせられました。 — As a child, I was made to eat vegetables by my mother.
- 駅で 友だちに 一時間 待たされました。 — I was made to wait an hour at the station by my friend.
- 弟子の とき、朝 早く 起きさせられました。 — As an apprentice, I was forced to get up very early in the morning.
- 先生に 漢字を 百回 書かされました。 — I was made to write the kanji a hundred times by my teacher.
- ホテルで 重い 荷物を 運ばされました。 — At the hotel, I was made to carry very heavy luggage.