Lesson 62: かもしれない・はずだ・きっと
N4 · Lesson 62 · 18 min — Say "might ~", "should ~ (by logic)" and "no way ~", then use きっと/たぶん/もしかしたら to show how sure you are
In the last lessons you learned many "seems" patterns: そうだ, ようだ, みたいだ, らしい. This lesson asks a different question: how sure am I? You will learn "might" (かもしれない), "should, by logic" (はずだ) and "no way" (はずがない). You will also learn きっと, たぶん and もしかしたら, which go at the start of a sentence.
After this lesson, you can:
- Say "might ~": 雨が 降る かもしれません。(It might rain.)
- Say "should ~" when you have a reason: 九時に 着く はずです。(He should arrive at nine.)
- Say "no way ~": そんな はずは ありません!(There's no way that's true!)
- Use きっと/たぶん/もしかしたら to show how sure you are
The Missing Lucky Chocolate
Last lesson, Rin showed Taiwanese guests around Yanaka. Now it is December, and the JLPT is tomorrow... (落ちる = to fail; 合格 = to pass)
Might: かもしれない. Should (by logic): はずだ. No way: はずがない. Next lesson: after the exam, they go to くまや, and Mr. Kuma tastes the soup with a strange look...
Words for this lesson: exams and "how sure"
- 試験 (shiken): exam, test
- 落ちる (ochiru): to fail; to fall
- 合格する (gōkaku suru): to pass (an exam)
- チョコ (choko): chocolate
- 会場 (kaijō): venue; exam hall
- 着く (tsuku): to arrive
- おくれる (okureru): to be delayed; to be late
- のこる (nokoru): to be left over
- 道 (michi): road; way
- そんな (sonna): that kind of
- きっと (kitto): surely
- たぶん (tabun): probably
- もしかしたら (moshikashitara): maybe, perhaps
Grammar 1 / 4: かもしれない
Plain form + かもしれない: "maybe ~, might ~" (you are not very sure)
- Meaning: might ~: Use it when you think "it's possible, but I'm not sure." It can be fifty-fifty or even less: 雨が 降る かもしれない = It might rain.
- How to connect it: Verb / い-adj: plain form + かもしれない (降る, 降らない, 降った, 寒い). Noun / な-adj: attach directly (休み かもしれない, 有名 かもしれない).
- The sentence ending: With friends: かもしれない, かもしれないね. With teachers and shop staff: かもしれません.
- Compare with でしょう: でしょう means "probably ~," so you are more sure. かもしれない means "might," so you are less sure.
- 雨が 降る かもしれません。 — It might rain.
- あしたは 雨です。電車が おくれる かもしれません。 — It will rain tomorrow. The train might be delayed.
- あしたは 休み かもしれない。 — Tomorrow might be a day off.
- 先生は もう 食べた かもしれない。 — Sensei might have already eaten it.
- 試験に 落ちる かもしれない……。 — I might fail the exam...
Grammar 2 / 4: はずだ
Plain form + はずだ: "should ~ (by logic)" when you have a reason
- Meaning: should ~ (by logic): From a timetable, a fact or logic, you conclude "it should be like this": 電車は 九時に 着く はずです = The train should arrive at nine (the timetable says so).
- How to connect it: Verb / い-adj: plain form + はずだ (着く, 来ない, 来た, おいしい). な-adj + な: しずかな はずだ. Noun + の: ここの はずだ.
- Compare with かもしれない: はずだ has a reason, so you are quite sure. かもしれない only means "it's possible." 勉強したから、合格する はずだ: "because he studied" is the reason.
- For your own decisions, use つもりです: "I'm going tomorrow" is your own decision, so use つもりです: わたしは あした 行く つもりです. If you say 行く はずです, it sounds like you are guessing from a schedule: "by the plan, I should go." It does not sound like you decided.
- たくさん 勉強したから、合格する はずです。 — He has read many books, so he should pass.
- 電車は 九時に 着く はずです。 — The train should arrive at nine.
- 会場は ここの はずだ。 — The exam hall should be here.
- チョコは かばんの 中に ある はずだ。 — The chocolate should be in the bag.
- くまやは 今日 休みの はずです。 — くまや should be closed today.
Grammar 3 / 4: はずがない
Plain form + はずが ない: "there's no way ~" when you have a reason
- Meaning: no way ~: By logic, you feel "that can't happen": 先生の チョコが のこる はずが ない. Neko-sensei loves food, so there's no way any chocolate is left.
- Connects like はずだ: Verb / い-adj: plain form (のこる はずが ない). な-adj + な: 有名な はずが ない. Noun + の: 休みの はずが ない.
- そんな はずは ない: When you can't believe something, you blurt out "No way!" Here が often changes to は. To a teacher or a customer, say: そんな はずは ありません.
- はずが ない vs かもしれない: のこる はずが ない = no way it's left (almost 0% chance). のこる かもしれない = it might be left (about fifty-fifty). To say "no way" very firmly, use はずが ない.
- 先生の チョコが のこる はずが ない。 — There's no way sensei's chocolate is left over.
- 先生が 九時に 着く はずが ありません。道が わかりませんから。 — There's no way sensei arrives at nine, because he doesn't know the way.
- くまやが 今日 休みの はずが ない。 — There's no way くまや is closed today.
- 先生が 道を 知って いる はずが ない。 — There's no way sensei knows the way.
- そんな はずは ありません! — There's no way that's true!
Grammar 4 / 4: きっと・たぶん
Put きっと/たぶん/もしかしたら at the start of a sentence to tell people how sure you are
- Say how sure you are first: These three words go at the start of the sentence, so the listener knows how sure you are before you finish. English works the same way: "surely," "probably" and "maybe" all come first.
- きっと: surely: You strongly believe it will happen. It is often used to cheer people up: きっと 合格しますよ! It can be followed by the ます-form, でしょう or と思う.
- たぶん: probably: You are about 70 to 80 percent sure. It often goes with でしょう/だろう/と思う: たぶん あしたは 雨でしょう.
- もしかしたら: maybe: You are not very sure. It often goes with かもしれない: もしかしたら 道が わからない かもしれない.
- きっと 合格しますよ! — You'll surely pass!
- たぶん あしたは 雨でしょう。 — It will probably rain tomorrow.
- もしかしたら、先生は 道が わからない かもしれない。 — Maybe sensei doesn't know the way.
- くまたさんは きっと 合格すると 思う。 — I think Kumata will surely pass.
- たぶん 電車は おくれないと 思います。 — I think the train probably won't be delayed.