Lesson 88: しか〜ない・ばかり・だけでなく・ほど
N4 · Lesson 88 · 18 min — "Only ~", "always ~", "not only ~ but also ~" and "not as ~ as ~"
Last lesson you learned "during ~" and "by ~ (deadline)". This lesson has four ways to limit and compare: しか〜ない, ばかり, だけでなく and ほど. Comic first!
After this lesson, you can:
- Say "only ~ (too little)": 千円しか ありません (I only have 1,000 yen)
- Say "nothing but ~, always ~": 団子ばかり 食べて います (eating nothing but dango)
- Say "not only ~ but also ~": ラーメンだけでなく、ぎょうざも おいしいです
- Say "A is not as ~ as B": 今日は 昨日ほど 寒くないです
This is the tree!
Last lesson, Rin compared the photo under the tree while Mr. Kuma quietly stepped out of his shop. Today we reach a conclusion! (写真 = photo)
しか〜ない = only; ばかり = all, always; だけでなく〜も = not only; ほど〜ない = not as ~ as. Next lesson: lining up the photo angle, step by step!
Words for this lesson: matching the tree, and daily life
- 写真 (shashin): photo
- 写る (utsuru): to be captured, to show up (in a photo)
- 撮る (toru): to take (a photo)
- 窓 (mado): window
- 形 (katachi): shape
- 同じ (onaji): the same
- 枝 (eda): branch
- ほか (hoka): other, another
- 団子 (dango): dango (sweet rice dumplings)
- 財布 (saifu): wallet
- アルバイト (arubaito): part-time job
- ゲーム (gēmu): video game, game
- 野菜 (yasai): vegetables
- ぎょうざ (gyōza): gyoza (pan-fried dumplings)
- お寺 (otera): temple
Grammar 1 / 4: Only ~ (too few)
Noun + しか + negative = only ~ (it feels like too little). しか is always followed by a negative.
- Negative in form, "only" in meaning: しか is always followed by a negative: 千円しか ありません = I only have 1,000 yen. You cannot say しか あります.
- Compare with だけ: it adds "too little": 千円だけ あります = I have 1,000 yen (just stating a fact). 千円しか ありません = I have just 1,000 yen (not enough!).
- What happens to particles: When a noun comes right before しか, しか replaces the particles が and を: 水を 飲みます→水しか 飲みません. The particles に and で stay, and しか goes after them: 日本にしか ありません、谷中でしか 買えません。
- It works with amounts too: 一人しか いません (only one person), 十分しか ありません (only ten minutes left). With amount + しか, the noun before it keeps が: 学生が 一人しか いません.
- 財布に 千円しか ありません。 — I only have 1,000 yen in my wallet.
- 教室に 学生が 一人しか いません。 — There is only one student in the classroom.
- 朝は コーヒーしか 飲みません。 — In the morning I only drink coffee.
- この 団子は 谷中でしか 買えません。 — You can only buy this kind of dango in Yanaka.
- 日本に 来た とき、漢字しか 読めませんでした。 — When I first came to Japan, I could only read kanji (the characters borrowed from Chinese).
- 時間が 十分しか ありません。 — There are only ten minutes left.
Grammar 2 / 4: All ~, always ~
Noun + ばかり = nothing but ~, all ~; て-form + ばかり いる = always doing ~ (often a complaint)
- Noun + ばかり = nothing but ~: 肉ばかり 食べます = I eat nothing but meat. With noun + ばかり, you usually just drop が and を. You cannot put を before ばかり (✗団子をばかり).
- て-form + ばかり いる = always doing: 寝て ばかり いる (always sleeping), ゲームを して ばかり いる (always playing video games). The verb keeps its own を, because ばかり comes after the て-form.
- Often a complaint: くまたくんは アルバイトばかり して います = (He never hangs out with me.) He is always working part-time. When you say it about someone else, you usually feel it is "too much".
- Don't mix it up with たばかり: 食べた ばかり = just finished eating (Lesson 86); 食べて ばかり = always eating. One small sound, a totally different meaning!
- 弟は 肉ばかり 食べて、野菜を 食べません。 — My little brother eats only meat and no vegetables.
- くまたくんは アルバイトばかり して います。 — Kumata is always working part-time.
- 毎日 雨ばかりです。 — It rains every day.
- ねこ先生は 食べて ばかり います。 — Neko-sensei is always eating.
- 休みの 日は 寝て ばかり いました。 — On my days off, I did nothing but sleep.
- ゲームを して ばかり いないで、勉強して ください。 — Don't play video games all the time. Go study!
Grammar 3 / 4: Not only ~ but also
AだけでなくBも = not only A, but B too (you add things one by one, good or bad)
- AだけでなくBも: A is what everyone already knows, and you add B. B takes も: ラーメンだけでなく、ぎょうざも 食べました。
- How to connect verbs and adjectives: Verbs and い-adjectives use the plain form: 見るだけでなく、写真も 撮りました; 安いだけでなく、味も いいです (not only cheap, the taste is good too). な-adjectives add な: 静かなだけでなく、店も きれいです。
- In casual talk, say だけじゃなく: With friends, people often say だけじゃなく: 猫だけじゃなく、お寺も 多いよ。
- Don't mix it up with だけ: 英語だけ 話せます = I can speak only English; 英語だけでなく、日本語も 話せます = I can speak not only English but Japanese too.
- 窓だけでなく、木の 形も 同じです。 — Not only the window, the tree's shape is the same too.
- くまやは ラーメンだけでなく、ぎょうざも おいしいです。 — くまや has good ramen, and not only that, the gyoza is great too.
- くまたくんは 英語だけでなく、日本語も 上手です。 — Kumata is good not only at English but at Japanese too.
- 桜を 見るだけでなく、写真も 撮りました。 — I didn't just see the sakura. I took photos too.
- この 町は 静かなだけでなく、店も きれいです。 — This town is not only quiet, the shops are pretty too.
- 谷中は 猫だけじゃなく、お寺も 多いよ。 — Yanaka has lots of cats, and lots of temples too!
Grammar 4 / 4: Not as ~ as ~
AはBほど〜ない = A is not as ~ as B (the sentence must end in a negative)
- AはBほど〜ない: A is not as ~ as B. B goes before ほど and is the side with the higher degree: 今日は 昨日ほど 寒くないです = yesterday was colder.
- The ending is always negative: い-adjective → 〜くない, な-adjective → 〜じゃない, verb → 〜ない/ません: 東京は 谷中ほど 静かじゃないです。
- "Nothing is more ~ than this": Bほど〜Nは ない = B is the most ~: 谷中に この 木ほど 大きい 桜は ありません (this one is the biggest). 大きい after ほど describes 桜, and the negative still goes at the end.
- 思ったほど〜ない: Past form 思った + ほど = not as ~ as I thought: 日本語は 思った ほど 難しくないです。
- 今日は 昨日ほど 寒くないです。 — Today is not as cold as yesterday.
- 台湾の 冬は 東京ほど 寒くないです。 — Winter in Taiwan is not as cold as Tokyo.
- わたしは くまたくんほど 日本語が 上手じゃありません。 — My Japanese is not as good as Kumata's.
- わたしは ねこ先生ほど 食べません。 — I don't eat as much as Neko-sensei.
- 谷中に この 木ほど 大きい 桜は ありません。 — There is no sakura tree in Yanaka as big as this one.
- 日本語は 思った ほど 難しくないです。 — Japanese is not as difficult as I thought.