Lesson 139: 決して・めったに・別に・どうしても
N3 · Lesson 139 · 18 min — Never, rarely, not really, no matter what: four adverbs that “pair up” with the end of the sentence
Last lesson, Rin decided under the tree that he must do something. This lesson has four adverbs: 決して, めったに, 別に and どうしても. They have one thing in common: once you say them, the end of the sentence has to “pair up” with them. 決して and めったに take a negative. 別に takes a negative, and often 〜ても いい (it's fine if...). どうしても takes たい or a negative. Let's read the comic first!
After this lesson, you can:
- Use 決して〜ない to say “never”: vows, promises and strong warnings
- Use めったに〜ない to say “rarely” or “hardly ever”
- Use 別に〜ない to say “not really / nothing special” lightly, and 別に〜ても いい for “it's fine if...”. Also know that a bare「別に。」sounds cold
- Use どうしても〜たい/〜ない to say “I really want to, no matter what” and “it just won't work”
The shop can go; the tree stays
The ward office measured the width of the road. A road plan might force both くまや and the old tree to make way. Tonight Rin walks into くまや to tell Mr. Kuma how he feels. (移る = to move, 守る = to protect)
決して・めったに + negative; 別に + negative / 〜ても いい; どうしても + たい / negative. Neko-sensei's line is a joke: he gets it wrong on purpose! Next lesson, Rin speaks up at a travel agency meeting...
Words for this lesson: adverbs that pair with the sentence ending
- 決して (kesshite): never, by no means
- めったに (mettani): rarely, hardly ever
- 別に (betsu ni): (not) particularly
- どうしても (dōshitemo): no matter what, whatever I do
- あきらめる (akirameru): to give up
- 守る (mamoru): to protect, to guard; to keep (a rule)
- 移る (utsuru): to move (to another place)
- こんな (konna): this kind of, such a
- うそを つく (uso o tsuku): to tell a lie
- 残す (nokosu): to leave behind; to leave (food) unfinished
- 無理を する (muri o suru): to push yourself too hard
- ボタン (botan): button
- 特に (toku ni): especially, in particular
Grammar 1 / 4: Never
決して + negative = “never ~”. Use it for vows, promises and strong warnings. The sentence always ends in a negative like ない / ません / ないで ください.
- 決して + negative = never ~: Put 決して before the verb. The sentence ends in a negative: あきらめない/あきらめません. It means “never ~, by no means ~”.
- Three common situations: ① Vows and resolve: 決して あきらめない. ② Warnings: 決して 押さないで ください/〜ては いけない. ③ Strongly negative judgments: 決して 簡単では ない (it is by no means easy).
- Not the same as ぜんぜん: ぜんぜん states a fact: “not at all”. 昨日は 雨が ぜんぜん 降らなかった. 決して carries will or a strong judgment: “definitely not, must not”. For plain facts like the weather or a test, use ぜんぜん.
- A very strong tone: 決して is a serious, formal word, often found in writing or very serious moments. In daily speech, people usually say the 絶対(に)〜ない you already know: 絶対 食べない. Using 決して for “I will never eat green peppers” would sound over the top. That's why Rin says 決して あきらめません: it shows he is truly determined.
- 木の ことは、決して あきらめません。 — I will never give up on the tree.
- この ことは 決して 忘れない。 — I will never forget this.
- 店長は 決して うそを つかない。 — Mr. Kuma never tells lies.
- この ボタンは 決して 押さないで ください。 — Please never press this button.
- これは 決して 簡単な 仕事では ない。 — This is by no means an easy job.
Grammar 2 / 4: Rarely
めったに + negative = “rarely ~, hardly ever ~”. The frequency is very low, lower than あまり〜ない, but not zero.
- めったに + negative = rarely ~: Put めったに before the verb. The sentence ends in a negative: めったに 泣かない/乗りません. It shows a very low frequency, like a few times a year.
- The frequency ladder: いつも (always) → よく (often) → ときどき (sometimes) → あまり〜ない (not very often) → めったに〜ない (rarely) → ぜんぜん〜ない (not at all / never). めったに is second from the bottom: rare, but not zero.
- めったに ない = very rare: It works for things and chances too: こんな チャンスは めったに ない (A chance like this is rare). It can also modify a noun: めったに 会えない 人 (a person you rarely get to meet).
- Use よく when asking: To ask about frequency, say よく: 「よく 行きますか?」 Use めったに only when answering “rarely”: 「いいえ、めったに 行きません。」
- 店長は めったに 泣かない。 — Mr. Kuma rarely cries.
- この 町では、雪は めったに 降らない。 — It rarely snows in this city.
- タクシーには めったに 乗りません。 — I rarely take taxis.
- ねこ先生は めったに ラーメンを 残さない。 — Neko-sensei rarely leaves his ramen unfinished.
- こんな チャンスは めったに ない。 — A chance like this is rare.
Grammar 3 / 4: Not really
別に + negative = “not particularly ~”: a light denial, “nothing special.” 別に〜ても いい = “it's no big deal if ~.”
- 別に + negative = not particularly ~: 別に is a “light” denial: 別に すいて いない (I'm not particularly hungry). The tone is much lighter than 決して. There is no feeling of a vow.
- Answering “nothing”: When asked 「どうしたの?」 (What's wrong?), you can say: 別に 何も ないよ (Oh, nothing). It also goes with わけでは ない: 別に 嫌いな わけでは ない (It's not that I particularly dislike it).
- 別に〜ても いい = it's fine if: Besides a negative, 別に often goes with a permission pattern. It means “it doesn't matter even if ~”: 別に 店は 移っても いい、別に 急がなくても いい. Mr. Kuma means: the shop is not the most important thing.
- Watch the tone: A bare 「別に。」 sounds like “none of your business” and is cold. To a teacher or a customer, finish the sentence at least: 別に 問題は ありません. A more polite and more common choice is 特に (especially): 特に 問題は ありません.
- 別に おなかは すいて いません。 — I'm not particularly hungry.
- 「どうしたの?」「別に 何も ないよ。」 — “What's wrong?” “Oh, nothing.”
- 別に 急がなくても いいですよ。 — No need to rush.
- 別に 嫌いな わけでは ない。 — It's not that I particularly dislike it.
- 別に 店は 移っても いい。 — It's fine if the shop moves.
Grammar 4 / 4: No matter what
どうしても = “no matter what”: ① どうしても〜たい = I want to ~ no matter what. ② どうしても〜ない = it just won't ~, however I try (even after many attempts).
- ① どうしても〜たい = want to ~ no matter what: The wish is so strong that you mean “whatever happens”: 木は どうしても 守りたい、どうしても あの 店の ラーメンが 食べたい.
- ② どうしても〜ない = just can't ~: You tried many times and it still doesn't work: 窓が どうしても 開かない、どうしても 覚えられない. It often takes the negative of an intransitive verb or of the potential form.
- It can also go with “must”: どうしても 行かなければ ならない = I have to go no matter what (I can't skip it).
- Difference from なかなか〜ない: なかなか = “takes a long time to ~”. If you wait longer, it may work: バスが なかなか 来ない (The bus is slow to come). どうしても = it won't work however you try: 窓が どうしても 開かない.
- 木は どうしても 守りたい。 — I want to protect the tree no matter what.
- どうしても あの 店の ラーメンが 食べたい。 — I want to eat the ramen at that shop no matter what.
- この 言葉が どうしても 覚えられない。 — I just can't remember this word.
- 窓が どうしても 開かない。 — The window just won't open.
- 明日は どうしても 行かなければ ならない。 — I have to go tomorrow no matter what.