Lesson 164: ことか・ことに・ようでは ないか・ことなく
N2 · Lesson 164 · 18 min — Exclaiming, opening with a feeling, rallying everyone, and never stopping: 3,000 signatures, and a meeting with the ward mayor!
Last lesson, Grandpa said 「二度と 後悔する まい」 (二度と=never again, 後悔する=to regret), and Rin decided never to give up. This lesson has four phrases that carry strong feeling: ことか (How ~!), ことに (What is ~ is...), ようではないか (Let's ~!) and ことなく (without ~ing). Let's read the comic first!
After this lesson, you can:
- Use ことか to exclaim "How ~!": この 日を どれほど 待った ことか
- Use ことに to give your feeling first, then the fact ("What is ~ is..."): うれしい ことに、〜
- Use ようではないか to rally everyone ("Let's ~!"): みんなで 会おうでは ないか
- Use ことなく to say "without ~ing, never ~": 休む ことなく 食べ続ける
3,000 signatures!
Grandpa said never regret again, and Rin never stopped. At last, the signatures... (署名=signature, 超える=exceed, 区長=ward mayor, 面談=meeting, 申し込む=apply)
ことか=How ~!; ことに=What is ~ is...; ようではないか=Let's ~!; ことなく=without ~ing. Next lesson: finally off to Kyoto to meet はな!
Words for this lesson: feelings, rallying, and the ward mayor
- 〜ことか (koto ka): How ~! (strong exclamation)
- 〜ことに (koto ni): What is ~ is that...
- 〜ようでは ないか (yō de wa nai ka): Let's ~! (a call to everyone)
- 〜ことなく (koto naku): without ~ing, never ~
- どれほど (dorehodo): how much, how
- ありがたい (arigatai): welcome, a blessing, something to be thankful for
- 区長 (kuchō): ward mayor
- 区役所 (kuyakusho): ward office
- 面談 (mendan): meeting, talk face to face
- 申し込む (mōshikomu): to apply, to sign up
- 超える (koeru): to exceed, to cross over
- 目標 (mokuhyō): goal, target
- 達成 (tassei): achievement, reaching (a goal)
- お祝い (oiwai): celebration, congratulatory gift
- 〜杯 (hai): ~ bowls, ~ cups (counter)
- 三杯目 (sanbaime): the third bowl (〜目 = the ~th)
- 寂しい (sabishii): lonely
- 挙げる (ageru): to raise (手を 挙げる = to raise a hand)
- 断る (kotowaru): to refuse, to turn down
Grammar 1 / 4: ことか
Question word / degree word (どんなに・どれほど・何度)+noun-modifying form+ことか=How ~!: it is not a question, it is a strong exclamation. この 日を どれほど 待った ことか=How I longed for this day!
- Form: question word / degree word+noun-modifying form+ことか: Verb: 待った ことか. い-adjective: うれしかった ことか. な-adjective: 大変な ことか / 不安だった ことか.
- Meaning: How ~!: A strong exclamation meaning "to a very high degree, very many times". It often appears with どんなに, どれほど and 何度. These words normally ask "how much / how many", so in this lesson we call them degree words: どんなに and どれほど ask about degree, 何度 asks about number of times.
- Not a question: There is a degree word and か, but it is not asking. Your voice falls, like a sigh. To really ask "How long did you wait?", say: どのくらい 待ちましたか.
- Written and emotional: Common in letters, speeches and when looking back on the past. With friends, people usually use a simple exclamation like "It's been so long!" instead.
- この 日を どれほど 待った ことか。 — How I longed for this day.
- 何度 あきらめかけた ことか。 — How many times I almost gave up.
- 一人で どんなに 不安だった ことか。 — How anxious I was when I was alone.
- 留学の 最初は、何度 泣いた ことか。 — When I first came to study abroad, I cried so many times.
- 日本語が 読めて、どんなに うれしかった ことか。 — How happy I am that I can read Japanese.
Grammar 2 / 4: ことに
い-adjective / な-adjective+な / verb た-form+ことに=What is ~ is that...: say your own feeling first, then the fact. うれしい ことに、署名が 三千を 超えた=Happily, the signatures passed 3,000.
- Form: Aい / なAな / Vた+ことに: い-adjective: うれしい ことに. な-adjective with な: 残念な ことに. Verb in た-form: 驚いた ことに, 困った ことに.
- Meaning: What is ~ is that...: The speaker first shares a feeling (happy, sad, surprised, troubled, thankful). The second half gives the fact that caused the feeling.
- Only feeling words: Only words of emotion fit before it: うれしい, 残念な, ありがたい (thankful), 驚いた, 困った... Ordinary actions like 食べた or 行った don't work.
- The second half is a fact: What follows is something that already happened or is certain. You can't follow it with a request ("please ~") or a wish ("I want to ~"). Also, don't use the ます-form before ことに: うれしいです ことに ✗.
- うれしい ことに、署名が 三千を 超えた。 — Happily, we passed 3,000 signatures.
- 残念な ことに、雪で バスが 止まった。 — Sadly, the bus stopped running because of the snow.
- 驚いた ことに、京都からも 署名が 届いた。 — Surprisingly, even Kyoto sent us signatures.
- 困った ことに、先生が また 道に 迷った。 — Annoyingly, the teacher got lost again.
- ありがたい ことに、熊太が 毎日 手伝って くれる。 — Thankfully, Kumata came to help every day.
Grammar 3 / 4: ようではないか
V volitional form (〜う / 〜よう)+では ないか=Let's ~!: rally everyone in a speech or meeting, stronger than ましょう. みんなで 区長に 会おうでは ないか=Let's all go see the mayor together.
- Form: V volitional form+では ないか: 会う→会おう, 守る→守ろう, 行く→行こう, する→しよう, then add では ないか.
- Meaning: Let's ~!: A strong call to a group, urging everyone to act together. Often heard in speeches, rallies and meetings.
- Strong and formal: To invite a friend to eat, 食べよう or 食べましょう is enough. 食べようでは ないか sounds like giving a speech, which is why Kumata is startled when Rin climbs on the stool. In casual speech you can say 〜ようじゃ ないか.
- Don't confuse it with the 〜じゃ ないか you learned before: Dictionary form / た-form+じゃ ないか="Isn't that ~!" / "You did ~, didn't you!" (surprise, discovery, blame): 手紙、書いたじゃ ないか=You did write the letter! Volitional form+じゃ ないか is the call to action: 行こうじゃ ないか=Let's go!
- みんなで 区長に 会おうでは ないか。 — Let's all go see the mayor together.
- 町の 木を みんなで 守ろうでは ないか。 — Let's all protect the tree in our town together.
- もう 一度、区役所へ 行こうでは ないか。 — Let's go to the ward office once more.
- 最後まで がんばろうじゃ ないか! — Let's hold on together until the end!
- 反対の 人の 話も 聞こうでは ないか。 — Let's also hear what the people who disagree have to say.
Grammar 4 / 4: ことなく
V dictionary form+ことなく=without ~ing, never ~: something you might have done, you never did once, and you just kept going. More formal than 〜ないで and 〜ずに. 休む ことなく 食べ続ける=keep eating without resting.
- Form: V dictionary form+ことなく: 休む ことなく, あきらめる ことなく, 迷う ことなく. The verb before it is in the dictionary form, not the ない-form.
- Meaning: without ~ing, never ~: It means "you could have ~, but not even once," and then you keep going. Often used with 一度も, 最後まで and 毎日.
- More formal than 〜ないで / 〜ずに: The meaning is close to 休まないで and 休まずに. ずに is a little more formal than ないで, and ことなく is the most formal and written, common in reports, speeches and news. With friends, ないで is enough.
- Put a thing that would normally happen before it: Things that usually happen, like 休む, あきらめる, 迷う and 止まる, sound most natural. For an ordinary "didn't do" like 傘を 持つ ことなく, 傘を 持たないで sounds more natural.
- 休む ことなく 食べ続ける。 — Keep eating without resting.
- 一度も あきらめる ことなく、ここまで 来た。 — I never gave up, not once, and I got here.
- 雨の 日も 休む ことなく 署名を 集めた。 — Even on rainy days, I kept collecting signatures without a break.
- リンは 迷う ことなく 手を 挙げた。 — Rin raised his hand without hesitating.
- 熊太は 一日も 休む ことなく 手伝いに 来て くれた。 — Kumata came to help every day without missing a single one.