Lesson 99: 古い 町であり、猫が 多い

N3 · Lesson 99 · 18 min — How reports, papers and essays are written: the written “is,” and joining sentences without the te-form

The N4 part ended last time with the shop in the photo turning out to be くまや. In this lesson, Rin starts at a tourism vocational school, where textbooks, reports and papers are all written in written style. We'll learn the two most basic things first. Comic time!

After this lesson, you can:

Reports use “である”

They found the shop! Rin officially starts tourism school, and the first Japanese class feels different from usual... (観光かんこう = tourism; 土地とち = land, local area)

Written style swaps だ for である, and joins sentences with 「美うつくしく、」 and 「であり、」. Next lesson: can they find はな in the old name list?

Words for this lesson: written style and Yanaka

Grammar 1 / 2: である style

である = the written “is”: noun / na-adjective + である (negative ではない, past であった, guess であろう). Reports, papers and essays use it.

Grammar 2 / 2: Continuative

Continuative form = the written way to join sentences. Verbs use the masu-stem (降ふります→降ふり、), i-adjectives drop the て of 〜くて (多おおくて→多おおく、), nouns / na-adjectives change で to であり、 (町まちで→町まちであり、), and negatives use 〜ず、