Lesson 182: なくして・ことなしに・が 最後・いかん

N1 · Lesson 182 · 18 min — Formal ways to talk about conditions and results: Grandpa walks into くまや and finally meets Mr. Kuma!

Last lesson, Grandpa said he would come whether or not the plan was decided, and Rin met him at Haneda Airport. This lesson has four N1 patterns: なくして (without ~, you can't ~), ことなしに (can't ~ unless you do ~), が最後さいご (once ~, no way back), and いかん (depends on ~). Let's read the comic first!

After this lesson, you can:

Grandpa enters くまや

Grandpa has finally reached Japan! Rin takes him into くまや in Yanaka, to meet Mr. Kuma, who once trained at はな屋や. (協力きょうりょく = help, 師匠ししょう = master, 審議しんぎ = review, 結果けっか = result)

なくして/ことなしに = without ~, can't ~; が最後さいご = once ~, no way back; いかん = depends on ~. Next lesson: the tree behind the fence.

Words in this lesson: conditions and results

Grammar 1 / 4: なくして

N+なくして(は)/なしに(は)〜ない: without N, you can't ~ (N is an essential condition). みなさんの 協力きょうりょく なくして、来こられなかった = Without everyone's help, I couldn't have come.

Grammar 2 / 4: ことなしに

Verb dictionary form+ことなしに〜ない: without (doing) ~, you can't ~. Same meaning as なくして, but with a verb in front. 毎日まいにち 作つくる ことなしに、味あじは 守まもれない = Without cooking every day, you can't keep the flavor.

Grammar 3 / 4: が最後さいご

Verb た-form+が最後さいご/Vたら最後さいご: once ~, (you can't stop or go back). 一度いちど 食たべたが 最後さいご、忘わすれられない = Once you've eaten it, you can never forget it.

Grammar 4 / 4: いかん

N(の)+いかんで(は): depending on how N turns out; N(の)+いかんに よらず: no matter how N turns out. 審議しんぎの 結果けっか いかんで、店みせの 場所ばしょが 変かわる = The shop's location depends on the review result.