Lesson 191: また ここで

N1 · Lesson 191 · 20 min — Early April, under the cherry tree in full bloom, a fifty-year promise is finally kept. Link the patterns from Lessons 187–190, then take on N1 reading.

No new grammar in this lesson! Follow Rin, Grandpa and Hana under the cherry tree and at the new くまや, and link the patterns from Lessons 187–190. At the end, you get a quiz on all of N1. All kanji in the vocabulary have kana readings.

After this lesson, you can:

• Use をよそに・をものともせず・を踏ふまえて・に即そくして to say "in spite of, undaunted by, based on, in line with"
• Use てやまない・ずにはおかない・を禁きんじ得えない・に堪たえない to write the strongest, most formal feelings
• Make judgments with きらいがある・始末しまつだ・までもない・に足たる
• Tell apart ないものでもない (it's not that I can't) and を余儀よぎなくされる (be forced to)
• Read N1 texts such as letters, news and notices, and find what the writer really means

Spring is here—we meet here again

The tree was saved and くまや moved next to it. In early April, the blossoms are out, and Grandpa finally stands under the tree… (涙なみだ = tears)

てやまない = "from the heart, endlessly", the deepest feeling in the letter. The story ends here. Next spring, Rin brings a new classmate into Japan!

A Reunion Under the Cherry Tree

Find where the patterns from Lessons 187–190 are used! All 14 patterns are hidden in these 20 lines. Tap each line to hear the Japanese.

Words in This Lesson

• 涙なみだ (namida): tears
• 痛いたみ (itami): pain
• すまない (sumanai): I'm sorry (often used by older men)
• 返事へんじ (henji): reply, answer
• 代筆だいひつ (daihitsu): writing on someone's behalf, ghostwriting
• 事情じじょう (jijō): circumstances, reasons (not explained in detail)
• 幸しあわせ (shiawase): happiness
• 届とどく (todoku): to reach, to arrive (letters, things)
• にて (nite): at, in (written style)
• お待まち申もうし上あげる (omachi mōshiageru): to wait for (very humble, respectful)
• 頃ころ (koro): time, season (when ...)
• 祈いのる (inoru): to pray for, to wish
• 怒いかり (ikari): anger
• 移転いてん (iten): relocation (of a shop or company)
• 住民じゅうみん (jūmin): residents
• 判断はんだん (handan): judgment
• 狙ねらう (nerau): to aim at, to have one's eye on
• 四杯目よんはいめ (yonhaime): the fourth bowl
• 孫まご (mago): grandchild
• 食欲しょくよく (shokuyoku): appetite
• 驚おどろかす (odorokasu): to surprise (someone)
• とうとう (tōtō): finally, in the end (it came to this)
• 信頼しんらい (shinrai): trust
• 満足まんぞく (manzoku): satisfaction
• 同情どうじょう (dōjō): sympathy
• 大おおげさ (ōgesa): exaggerated, making a big deal
• 後回あとまわし (atomawashi): putting off, leaving for later
• 運休うんきゅう (unkyū): suspension of service (trains, buses)
• 見直みなおし (minaoshi): review, revision
• 記事きじ (kiji): article (in a newspaper)
• 反対側はんたいがわ (hantaigawa): the opposite side
• 店主てんしゅ (tenshu): shop owner
• 悔くやむ (kuyamu): to regret
• 夢見ゆめみる (yumemiru): to dream of, to long for

Grammar 1 / 4: をよそに・をものともせず・を踏ふまえて・に即そくして

をよそに = ignoring ... (doing it even though others worry); をものともせず = not letting (a difficulty) stop you; を踏ふまえて = building on ..., taking ... into account; に即そくして = in line with (facts, rules)

• をよそに: N + をよそに: ignoring ..., paying no attention to .... Before it usually comes other people's 心配しんぱい・反対はんたい・期待きたい. The subject does what they want, often with a bit of criticism or resignation.
• をものともせず（に）: N + をものともせず: not letting ... stop you. Before it comes a difficulty (痛いたみ・寒さむさ・雨あめ). It praises the person ("impressive!"). Use it about others, not about yourself.
• を踏ふまえて: N + を踏ふまえて: building on ..., taking ... into account. Before it comes information you already have, such as survey results, opinions or experience. After it comes a judgment, plan or statement.
• に即そくして（にのっとって）: N + に即そくして: in line with ..., according to .... Before it come facts, rules or laws. にのっとって is more formal and often goes with traditions or rules.

• 親おやの 心配しんぱいを よそに、弟おとうとは 一人ひとりで 旅行りょこうに 行いった。 — My younger brother ignored his parents' worry and went traveling alone.
• 兄あには 雨あめを ものとも せず、最後さいごまで 走はしった。 — My older brother didn't mind the rain and kept running to the end.
• アンケートの 結果けっかを 踏ふまえて、新あたらしい ツアーを 考かんがえます。 — I'll take the survey results into account and plan a new trip.

Grammar 2 / 4: てやまない・ずにはおかない・を禁きんじ得えない・に堪たえない

てやまない = ... from the heart, endlessly; ずにはおかない = sure to make (someone) ...; を禁きんじ得えない = can't help ... (a feeling wells up); に堪たえない = unbearable / overwhelmingly ...

• てやまない: V て-form + やまない: ... from the heart, endlessly. It only follows verbs of wish or feeling: 願ねがう・祈いのる・愛あいする (to love)・期待きたいする. It appears at the end of letters and speeches. Hana's line "また お会あいできる ことを 願ねがって やみません" = I long to see you again. The earlier "お待まち申もうし上あげて おります" humbly says "I will wait for you" and is not used with やまない.
• ずにはおかない: V ない-form (ない → ず) + にはおかない: sure to make (someone) .... Before it often comes a "make someone ..." verb (驚おどろかす・感動かんどうさせる). It means the result will naturally happen. It can also show the speaker's determination to make the other person ... . する → せずには おかない.
• を禁きんじ得えない: N + を禁きんじ得えない: can't help .... Before it come feeling nouns such as 涙なみだ・怒いかり・同情どうじょう・驚おどろき (surprise). When you see something, the feeling wells up and you can't stop it. Written and formal.
• に堪たえない（に堪たえる）: N + に堪たえない: with words like 感謝かんしゃ = overwhelmingly grateful; V dictionary form + に堪たえない = too painful to ... (見みるに 堪たえない = too awful to look at). The positive に堪たえる = worth ... (読よむに 堪たえる).

• 子こどもたちの 未来みらいが 明あかるい ことを 願ねがって やまない。 — I sincerely wish the children a bright future.
• この 映画えいがは、見みる 人ひとを 感動かんどうさせずには おかない。 — This movie will surely move everyone who watches it.
• 事故じこの ニュースに、同情どうじょうを 禁きんじ得えなかった。 — Seeing the news about the accident, I couldn't help feeling sympathy.

Grammar 3 / 4: きらいがある・始末しまつだ・までもない・に足たる

きらいがある = has a (bad) tendency to ...; 始末しまつだ = ends up in the state of ...; までもない = no need to ...; に足たる = worth ..., enough to ...

• きらいがある: V dictionary form / N の + きらいがある: has a (bad) tendency to .... The speaker criticizes someone's usual habit. Only for bad things. Often follows ~すぎる.
• 始末しまつだ: V dictionary form + 始末しまつだ: ends up ... . First you describe a series of problems, then the last sentence says "it ended up even worse." It often goes with まで and とうとう. Here まで = even (人ひとの ラーメンまで = even other people's ramen), and とうとう = in the end.
• までもない（には及およばない）: V dictionary form + までもない: no need to ... (because it's obvious). 言いう までも ない = needless to say. The other form には及およばない (及およぶ = to reach, to be necessary) means the same "no need to ..." but is more formal.
• に足たる: V dictionary form / N + に足たる: worth ..., enough to .... It often follows 信頼しんらい・読よむ・満足まんぞく, and a noun can come after it (信頼しんらいに 足たる 人ひと). The negative に足たらない = not worth ....

• 兄あには 何なんでも 大おおげさに 話はなす きらいが ある。 — My older brother tends to exaggerate whatever he talks about.
• 遅刻ちこくが 続つづいて、とうとう 会議かいぎまで 休やすむ 始末しまつだ。 — He kept arriving late, and in the end he even ended up skipping the meeting.
• 近ちかいから、タクシーを 呼よぶ までも ない。 — It's close, so there's no need to take a taxi.

Grammar 4 / 4: ないものでもない・を余儀よぎなくされる

ないものでもない = it's not that ... can't (it's possible); を余儀よぎなくされる = be forced to ... with no choice (させる = force someone to ...)

• ないものでもない（なくもない）: V ない-form + ものでもない: it's not that ... can't. A double negative is a cautious yes: "if conditions are right, it's possible." In speech you often hear V なくも ない (やれなくも ない).
• を余儀よぎなくされる: N + を余儀よぎなくされる: be forced to .... Before it come nouns such as 中止ちゅうし・変更へんこう・移転いてん・見直みなおし, or "V dictionary form + こと". Common in news and reports.
• を余儀よぎなくさせる: cause + は + person に + N + を余儀よぎなくさせる: (the cause) forces ... . The subject is the cause of the situation, not the person who is forced.

• 少すこし 高たかいが、買かえない ものでも ない。 — It's a bit expensive, but it's not that I can't afford it.
• 台風たいふうの ため、電車でんしゃは 運休うんきゅうを 余儀よぎなく された。 — Because of the typhoon, the trains were forced to stop.
• 住民じゅうみんの 声こえは、区くに 計画けいかくの 見直みなおしを 余儀よぎなく させた。 — The residents' voices forced the ward office to review the plan.