含む（ふくむ）Conjugation
JLPT N2 · Godan verb (Group 1) · Meaning: to contain / include
Full conjugation table
| Form | Japanese | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| Dictionary form The base form — casual speech and the stem for many grammar patterns. | 含む | ふくむ |
| masu (polite present) Polite present/future affirmative. | 含みます | ふくみます |
| masen (polite negative) Polite present negative. | 含みません | ふくみません |
| mashita (polite past) Polite past affirmative. | 含みました | ふくみました |
| masen deshita (polite past neg.) Polite past negative. | 含みませんでした | ふくみませんでした |
| te-form The most versatile form — linking, requests, progressive and more. | 含んで | ふくんで |
| ta (plain past) Plain past affirmative. | 含んだ | ふくんだ |
| nai (plain negative) Plain present negative. | 含まない | ふくまない |
| nakatta (plain past neg.) Plain past negative. | 含まなかった | ふくまなかった |
| Potential Ability or possibility — 'can do'. | 含める | ふくめる |
| Passive Passive voice — 'to be done to'. | 含まれる | ふくまれる |
| Causative Causative — 'to make/let someone do'. | 含ませる | ふくませる |
| Volitional Volitional — 'let's…' or intention. | 含もう | ふくもう |
| Imperative Imperative — a strong command; used sparingly. | 含め | ふくめ |
| Prohibitive Prohibitive — 'don't do it!'. | 含むな | ふくむな |
| Conditional (ba) Hypothetical 'if' — leans written. | 含めば | ふくめば |
| Conditional (tara) The most versatile everyday 'if / when'. | 含んだら | ふくんだら |
Example sentences
- この値段は税を含む。 — This price includes tax.
- 彼の言葉には皮肉を含んでいた。 — His words carried a hint of sarcasm.