Japanese On'yomi vs Kun'yomi Complete Guide 2026: How to Tell Them Apart [JLPT N5]

By Nihongo to Japan · Updated July 3, 2026

3 rules for predicting kanji readings + 50 essential kanji with both readings

On'yomi vs Kun'yomi: Why Does One Kanji Have Multiple Readings?

Japanese kanji have two kinds of reading: on'yomi (音読み) and kun'yomi (訓読み). This is one of the most confusing things for beginners. Once you understand the history and logic, you can guess most readings and read much better.

On'yomi (音読み): Readings from Chinese

WordReadingMeaning
人口じんこうpopulation
山頂さんちょうmountaintop
学生がくせいstudent
電話でんわtelephone

Kun'yomi (訓読み): Native Japanese Readings

WordReadingMeaning
やまmountain
かわriver
ひとperson
tree
sun/day

How to Tell: When On'yomi vs Kun'yomi?

Rule 1: kanji compounds are usually on'yomi — 学校 (がっこう), 電車 (でんしゃ).

Rule 2: a single kanji + hiragana is usually kun'yomi — 食べる (たべる), 書く (かく), 高い (たかい).

Rule 3: personal/place names are usually kun'yomi — 山田 (やまだ), 大阪 (おおさか); 東京 (とうきょう) is an on'yomi exception.

On'yomi vs Kun'yomi for Important Kanji

KanjiOn'yomi (compound)Kun'yomi (native word)
さん (山頂)やま (富士山)
せん (河川)かわ (川沿い)
じん/にん (人口・三人)ひと (この人)
すい (水曜日)みず (水を飲む)
か (火曜日)ひ (火をつける)
もく (木曜日)き (木を植える)
だい (大学)おお (大きい)
しょう (小学校)ちい/こ (小さい)
じょう (向上)うえ (机の上)
か (地下)した (机の下)

Multiple On'yomi: Go-on, Kan-on, Tō-on

Reading systemEraExample
呉音 (go-on)earliest (5th-6th c.)仏(ぶつ)
漢音 (kan-on)Nara period (7th-8th c.)仏(ふつ)
唐音 (tō-on)Muromachi (14th-15th c.)椅子(いす)

Conjugating Kun'yomi Verbs

Kun'yomi verbs take hiragana okurigana (送り仮名) endings:

💡 Okurigana distinguishes readings: 大きい (おおきい) vs 大きな (おおきな); 分かる (わかる) vs 分ける (わける).

❌ Common Mistakes

Mistake 1: wrong reading for names — 山田 = やまだ (kun'yomi), not さんでん.

Mistake 2: reading a compound with kun'yomi — ✗ 電話 = でんは → ✓ でんわ (on'yomi).

Mistake 3: forgetting weekday readings — 月火水木金土日 = げつ・か・すい・もく・きん・ど・にち (all on'yomi!).

🖊️ Practice Quiz

Q1. What is the on'yomi of 「山」?

(A) やま (B) さん (C) せん (D) かわ

Q2. What reading type is 「学生」?

(A) kun'yomi (B) on'yomi (C) mixed (on + kun) (D) mixed (kun + on)

Q3. In 「食べる」, what is 「食」?

(A) on'yomi (しょく) (B) kun'yomi (た) (C) tō-on (た) (D) go-on (た)

Q4. What is the reading of 「人口」?

(A) ひとくち (B) じんこう (C) にんく (D) ひとぐち

Q5. Which is an on'yomi compound?

(A) 山 (やま) (B) 水 (みず) (C) 電話 (でんわ) (D) 高い (たかい)


Answer Key

1. (B) さん ── the on'yomi of 山 is さん (e.g. 山脈, 山頂). やま is kun'yomi.

2. (B) on'yomi ── 学 (がく) + 生 (せい) = a combination of two kanji's on'yomi.

3. (B) kun'yomi (た) ── in 食べる, 食 is read た, the kun'yomi.

4. (B) じんこう ── 人口 = じんこう (on'yomi compound).

5. (C) 電話 (でんわ) ── 電話 is an on'yomi compound; 山/水/高い are kun'yomi.