Complete Guide to Japanese Te-Form: 5 Usages, Conjugation Rules & JLPT Practice [JLPT N5]

Content by NTJ Kuma · Nihongo to Japan editorial team · Updated July 27, 2026

From 買って to 食べている — te-form is the most essential verb conjugation in Japanese

What Is Te-Form? Why Is It So Important?

Te-form (て形) is one of the most fundamental verb conjugations in Japanese. Nearly every N4 and above grammar pattern requires te-form as a building block. Master te-form and you instantly unlock over 20 essential expressions.

This guide covers: te-form conjugation rules for all three verb groups, 5 core usage patterns with 15 example sentences, a comparison table of related expressions, common mistakes, and 5 JLPT practice questions.

🧭 Use the て-form right in one minute (decision guide)

The て-form does many jobs — pick by what you mean:

Prerequisite: can't form the て-form yet? See 〈verb groups〉 and 〈て-form basics〉 (godan sound changes are key). Extension: the た-form = swap the て-form's 「て」 for 「た」 (see the comparison table). Details on each use below.

Table of Contents

  1. Te-Form Conjugation Rules (3 verb groups)
  2. Core Usages: てください・ている・てから・ても・てみる・てもいい
  3. Extended Te-Form Expressions
  4. High-Frequency Daily Te-Form Phrases
  5. Te-Form vs Masu-Form vs Plain Form
  6. Common Mistakes
  7. JLPT Practice Questions

1. Te-Form Conjugation Rules

Group 1: Ichidan Verbs (る-verbs) — Easiest

Remove る and add て directly.

Dictionary FormReadingTe-FormMeaning
食べるtaberu食べto eat
見るmiruto see
起きるokiru起きto wake up
寝るneruto sleep
教えるoshieru教えto teach

Group 2: Godan Verbs (う-verbs) — 4 subgroups by ending

EndingRuleExampleTe-Form
→ いて書く書いて
→ いで泳ぐ泳いで
む・ぶ・ぬ→ んで読む遊ぶ死ぬ読んで・遊んで・死んで
る・う・つ→ って帰る・買う・持つ帰って・買って・持って
→ して話す話して
⚠️ Exception: 行く → 行って (NOT 行いて — this is the only exception, memorize it!)

Group 3: Irregular Verbs — Only two

2. The Core Te-Form Usages

Usage ① ~てください (Please do~)

The basic, polite way to make a request.

Structure: Verb te-form + ください

JapaneseMeaning
ゆっくり話してください。Please speak slowly.
ここに名前を書いてください。Please write your name here.
もう一度見せてください。Please show me again.

Usage ② ~ている (Ongoing action / Resulting state)

Two meanings in one pattern:

JapaneseMeaningType
今、テレビを見ています。I'm watching TV now.Ongoing action
彼女は日本に住んでいます。She lives in Japan.Ongoing state
彼は結婚しています。He is married.Resulting state

Usage ③ ~てから (After doing~)

Indicates that one action must be completed before another begins.

⚠️ Where learners slip up

Godan sound changes — not a plain +て. 書く→書いて (✗ 書きて), 飲む→飲んで (✗ 飲みて). The te-form's first big trap.

行く is an exception:って (not 行いて); 来る reads 「き」, する→し.

「〜ている」 isn't always “~ing.” 結婚している = is married (a state), not getting married. Check whether the verb is durative or instantaneous. (ている, てから, てもいい each have their own deep-dive guide.)

💡 How to remember this

The te-form is the master switch of N5 — clear it and てください・ている・てから・てもいい… a whole row of grammar just slots on. So rather than memorizing those patterns separately, drill the te-form conjugation (especially the godan sound changes) to reflex first, then learn what it connects to one by one. This is the overview; for a deep dive on a specific use (the three meanings of ている, てから vs あとで), see the dedicated guides.

❓ FAQ

Q: The te-form has so many uses — how do I learn it without getting lost?

Split it in two layers: ① the conjugation (how the dictionary form becomes the te-form — mainly the godan sound changes); ② the uses (what attaches to it: ください・いる・から・もいい…). Drill the conjugation first, then add uses one at a time.

Q: Do I memorize the te-form and た-form separately?

No — same conjugation; swap the te-form's 「て/で」 for 「た/だ」 (書いて↔書いた).

Usage ④ ~ても (Even if~)

Expresses that even if a condition is met, the result remains unchanged (concession).

JapaneseMeaning
雨が降っても、出かけます。Even if it rains, I'll go out.
何度聞いても、わかりません。No matter how many times I ask, I still don't understand.
遅くなっても、連絡してね。Even if it's late, please contact me.

Usage ⑤ ~てみる (Try doing~)

Means to try something to see how it goes, equivalent to 'try doing' in English.

Usage ⑥ ~てもいい / ~てはいけない (Permission / Prohibition)

PatternMeaningExample
〜てもいいですかMay I ~?写真を撮ってもいいですか?(May I take a photo?)
〜てもいいですよYou may (granting)もう帰ってもいいですよ。(You may head home now.)
〜てもかまいませんI don't mind if you ~ここに座ってもかまいません。(You're welcome to sit here.)
〜てはいけませんYou must not ~食堂で走ってはいけません。(You must not run in the cafeteria.)

3. Extended Te-Form Expressions

PatternMeaningExample
~てあげるDo ~ for someone (speaker → other)助けてあげます。 (I'll help you out.)
~てもらうHave someone do ~ (receive action)教えてもらいました。 (I had them teach me.)
~てくれるSomeone does ~ for me手伝ってくれた。 (They helped me out.)
~ておくDo ~ in advance / prepare予約しておきます。 (I'll book it in advance.)
~てしまうAccidentally do ~ / finish completely忘れてしまった。 (I went and forgot.)
~ていくDo ~ and leave / gradually change食べていきます。 (I'll eat before I go.)
~てくるGo do ~ and come back買ってきます。 (I'll go buy it and come back.)

4. High-Frequency Daily Te-Form Phrases

SituationJapaneseMeaning
Wait a momentちょっと待って(ください)Hold on a sec
Take care気をつけて(ね)Take care / get home safe
Thanks for the help助けてくれてありがとうThanks for helping me
Say it againもう一度言ってくださいPlease say that once more

5. Te-Form vs Masu-Form vs Plain Form

FormRoleExample
Plain form (食べる)Diary, subordinate clauses, casual endings食べると思う
Masu-form (食べます)Polite sentence endings食べます
Te-form (食べて)Connecting clauses & compound patterns食べてから

6. Common Mistakes

Mistake 1: Mixing up godan verb endings

Mistake 2: ~ている vs ~てある

Mistake 3: ~てから vs ~た後で

🖊️ Practice (5 questions)

Q1. 宿題を(  )から、遊びに行きます。

(A) する (B) して (C) した (D) すれば

Q2. 彼女は今、音楽を(  )います。

(A) 聞いて (B) 聞く (C) 聞いた (D) 聞き

Q3. 雨が(  )も、試合は続けます。

(A) 降る (B) 降って (C) 降り (D) 降った

Q4. この薬を(  )みてください。

(A) 飲んで (B) 飲む (C) 飲み (D) 飲もう

Q5. Which is the correct te-form of 「行く」?

(A) 行いて (B) 行って (C) 行きて (D) 行んで

答案解析

1. (B) して ── する is irregular: する → して. 「〜てから」 = "after doing ~", so the te-form is required.

2. (A) 聞いて ── 聞く ends in く → いて (i-sound change). 「〜ています」 = action in progress: "is listening now".

3. (B) 降って ── 降る is a godan verb ending in る → って. 「〜ても」 = "even if it rains".

4. (A) 飲んで ── 飲む ends in む → んで (voiced sound change). 「〜てみてください」 = "please try doing ~".

5. (B) 行って ── 行く is the famous exception: 行く → 行って (not 行いて). It is the only く-verb that breaks the いて rule.

Summary

Te-form is the backbone of Japanese grammar. Remember:

Core usages: てください・ている・てから・ても・てみる

Practice te-form grammar questions at Nihongo to Japan's Grammar Challenge!

For more detailed explanations and interactive exercises, visit the te-form lesson page.