Lesson 85: 見ながら・ささないで・ついた まま
N4 · Lesson 85 · 18 min — "While doing A, B," "without doing A," and "leaving A as it is"
Last lesson you reviewed purpose, contrast and reasons. This lesson has three ways to join two actions: ながら (at the same time), ないで (without doing one) and まま (something stays as it was). Read the comic first!
After this lesson, you can:
- Say two things happen at the same time: 地図を 見ながら 歩きます (walk while looking at a map)
- Say you did something without doing something else: 傘を ささないで 走りました (ran without opening an umbrella)
- Say something stays the same: 電気を つけた まま 寝ました (slept with the light on)
くまや, Light Still On
A spring-break night after the graduation party. Rin takes Neko-sensei on a walk around Yanaka with a map. (地図 = map)
ながら = while ~ing; ないで = without ~ing; まま = leaving ~ as it is. Next lesson: the cherry blossoms are out, and the photo hunt begins!
Words in this lesson: evening walks and daily life
- 春休み (haruyasumi): spring break
- 地図 (chizu): map
- 団子 (dango): dango (rice dumplings)
- 傘を さす (kasa o sasu): to open / hold up an umbrella
- 走る (hashiru): to run
- 電気 (denki): electric light; electricity
- つく (tsuku): (a light) comes on, is on
- 店長 (tenchō): shop manager
- おかわり (okawari): a second helping; a refill
- 音楽 (ongaku): music
- 歌う (utau): to sing
- 辞書 (jisho): dictionary
- 靴を はく (kutsu o haku): to wear shoes
- 眼鏡を かける (megane o kakeru): to wear glasses
- 窓 (mado): window
- 出かける (dekakeru): to go out
- 昔 (mukashi): the past, long ago
- 新聞 (shinbun): newspaper
Grammar 1 / 3: While ~ing
ます-form without ます + ながら = doing A while doing B (one person, two actions at once; the main action goes at the end)
- How to make it: ます-form without ます + ながら: Group I 聞きます→聞きながら, Group II 食べます→食べながら, Group III します→しながら, 来ます→来ながら. Like 〜たい and 〜に 行く, it attaches to the ます-form stem.
- One person, at the same time: Both actions with ながら must be done by the same person. When different people do different things, use とき: リンが テレビを 見て いる とき、ねこ先生は 食べて いました (While Rin was watching TV, Neko-sensei was eating).
- The main action comes last: The part before ながら is the side action; the end of the sentence is the main one. 音楽を 聞きながら 勉強します = the main thing is studying; the music is just background.
- Tense is set at the end: ながら itself never changes. Past, requests and prohibitions are shown at the end: 見ながら 歩きました (past), 見ながら 歩いて ください (request), 見ながら 歩かないで ください (please don't).
- 地図を 見ながら 歩きましょう。 — Let's walk while looking at the map.
- 音楽を 聞きながら 勉強します。 — I study while listening to music.
- 団子を 食べながら 話しました。 — We chatted while eating dango.
- 歌を 歌いながら 料理を 作ります。 — I cook while singing.
- コーヒーを 飲みながら 新聞を 読みました。 — I read the newspaper while drinking coffee.
- スマホを 見ながら 歩かないで ください。 — Please don't walk while looking at your phone.
Grammar 2 / 3: Without ~ing
ない-form + で = without doing A, (do) B; instead of doing A, (do) B. The written style is 〜ずに (する→せずに)
- How to make it: ない-form + で: ささない→ささないで, 食べない→食べないで, しない→しないで, 来ない→来ないで. Get the ない-form right first, then just add で.
- Meaning 1: doing B without having done A: 傘を ささないで 走りました (ran without opening an umbrella), ミルクを 入れないで 飲みます (drink it without adding milk).
- Meaning 2: not A, but B instead: バスに 乗らないで、歩いて 帰りました (didn't take the bus; walked home instead). A and B are two choices, and you picked the second one.
- 〜ずに: the written style: Change the ない of the ない-form to ず, then add に: 食べない→食べずに, 使わない→使わずに. Only する is an exception: する→せずに (✗しずに). 来る follows the rule: 来ない→来ずに. In conversation, ないで sounds natural.
- 傘を ささないで 走りました。 — I ran without opening an umbrella.
- 朝ごはんを 食べないで 学校に 行きました。 — I went to school without eating breakfast.
- ミルクを 入れないで コーヒーを 飲みます。 — I drink my coffee without milk.
- バスに 乗らないで、歩いて 帰りました。 — I didn't take the bus; I walked home.
- 辞書を 使わずに 読みました。 — I read it without using a dictionary.
- 店長は 何も 言わずに ラーメンを 作りました。 — Without saying anything, the manager made ramen.
Grammar 3 / 3: Left as is
た-form / Nの + まま = leaving ~ as it is (it should have changed, but didn't); just like that
- How to make it: た-form + まま: つけた まま, はいた まま, かけた まま, 寝た まま. The first action is finished, and its result stays as it is while you do the next thing.
- Noun + の + まま / その まま: 昔の まま = the same as before, unchanged. その まま = just like that, as it is: その まま 食べて ください (please eat it as it is, without adding anything).
- The feeling: it should have changed, but didn't: You should turn off the light before sleeping, take off your shoes before entering a room, and take off your glasses before bed. If you didn't, use まま: 眼鏡を かけた まま 寝ました (fell asleep with my glasses on). It often feels a little bad or surprising.
- ながら and まま are different: ながら = two actions happening at the same time: 食べながら 寝た (fell asleep while eating). まま = the first action is done and its state stays: 寝た まま 食べて いる (still eating while staying asleep). Here 寝た まま means the sleeping state hasn't changed (寝る can also mean "lie down," so 寝た まま 食べる can also mean eating while lying down). The last panel of the comic shows exactly this difference!
- 電気を つけた まま 寝ました。 — I fell asleep with the light on.
- 靴を はいた まま 部屋に 入らないで ください。 — Please don't enter the room with your shoes on.
- 眼鏡を かけた まま 寝て しまいました。 — I fell asleep with my glasses on.
- 窓を 開けた まま 出かけました。 — I went out and left the window open.
- この 店は 昔の ままです。 — This shop is still the same as before.
- その まま 食べて ください。 — Please eat it as it is.