Lesson 143: に基づいて・に応じて・に伴って

N2 · Lesson 143 · 18 min — Heard at briefings, in notices and at travel agencies: name your basis, adjust to conditions, change together with something

Last lesson, Rin followed the ward-office briefing and understood において・にわたって・のもとで. This lesson is question time. You'll learn three formal “N + に~” patterns: に基もとづいて (basis), に応おうじて (adjusting to conditions) and に伴ともなって (changing together). Comic first!

After this lesson, you can:

• Use に基もとづいて to say “based on ~” (law, data, facts)
• Use に応おうじて to say “adjusting to ~” (number of people, season, wishes)
• Use に伴ともなって／に伴ともない to say “along with ~, something else changes too”
• Use the noun-modifying forms: に基もとづく・に応おうじた・に伴ともなう + noun

Question Time

The ward-office briefing reaches question time. Rin grips the plan papers and wants to speak up in front of everyone for the first time. (拡張かくちょう = widening, 工事こうじ = construction, 住民じゅうみんの 声こえ = residents' opinions, 人数にんずう = number of people)

に基もとづいて = based on, に応おうじて = adjusting to, に伴ともなって = changing along with. Next lesson: the neighborhood association splits in two over that tree...

This lesson's words: briefings and plans

• 〜に基もとづいて (ni motozuite): based on ~, on the basis of ~
• 〜に応おうじて (ni ōjite): in line with ~, according to ~ (adjusting)
• 〜に伴ともなって (ni tomonatte): along with ~ (~ changes too)
• 法律ほうりつ (hōritsu): law
• 計画けいかく (keikaku): plan
• 道路どうろ (dōro): road
• 拡張かくちょう (kakuchō): expansion, widening
• 工事こうじ (kōji): construction work
• 住民じゅうみん (jūmin): residents
• 声こえ (koe): voice; (everyone's) opinions
• 変更へんこうする (henkō suru): change, modification
• 調査ちょうさ (chōsa): survey, investigation
• 結果けっか (kekka): result
• 事実じじつ (jijitsu): fact
• 人数にんずう (ninzū): number of people
• 料金りょうきん (ryōkin): fee, price
• 追加ついかする (tsuika suru): addition, adding more
• 希望きぼう (kibō): wish, request
• 年齢ねんれい (nenrei): age
• 予算よさん (yosan): budget
• 季節きせつ (kisetsu): season
• 増加ぞうか (zōka): increase
• 人口じんこう (jinkō): population

Grammar 1 / 3: にもとづいて

Noun + に基もとづいて = “based on ~”. It sounds fairly formal and stresses a clear, objective basis (law, rules, data, facts). Before a noun, use に基もとづく／に基もとづいた + noun.

• Form: N + に基もとづいて: Noun + に 基もとづいて + verb: 法律ほうりつに 基もとづいて 決きめる. The particle is always に.
• Put a “basis” before it: Use objective grounds: laws, rules, documents, surveys, facts. A person can't be the basis directly. Say 先生せんせいの 説明せつめいに 基もとづいて (based on the teacher's explanation). A friend's casual story is more subjective, so を もとに sounds more natural.
• Before a noun: に基もとづく／に基もとづいた: 調査ちょうさに 基もとづく 計画けいかく = 調査ちょうさに 基もとづいた 計画けいかく, same meaning. に基もとづいて can't go directly before a noun (use に基もとづく／に基もとづいた).
• Compare with をもとに: The をもとに from Lesson 128 = use ~ as material or reference to make something new (昔むかしの 話はなしを もとに 新あたらしい 話はなしを 書かく). に基もとづいて = on the basis of ~. It is more formal and stresses an objective basis (法律ほうりつ・データ・事実じじつ). For laws and rules, almost always use に基もとづいて.

• この 計画けいかくは 法律ほうりつに 基もとづいて 作つくられました。 — This plan was made based on the law.
• 調査ちょうさの 結果けっかに 基もとづいて、バスを 増ふやします。 — Based on the survey results, we will add more buses.
• 事実じじつに 基もとづいて、記事きじを 書かいて ください。 — Please write the article based on the facts.
• これは 本当ほんとうの 話はなしに 基もとづいた 映画えいがです。 — This is a movie based on a true story.
• 学校がっこうの ルールに 基もとづく 注意ちゅういです。 — This is a warning based on the school rules.

Grammar 2 / 3: におうじて

Noun + に応おうじて = “adjusting to ~, in line with ~”. When a condition (number of people, season, age) differs, what you do changes with it. It can also mean answering someone's request (wishes, opinions). Before a noun, use に応おうじた + noun.

• Form: N + に応おうじて: Noun + に 応おうじて + verb: 人数にんずうに 応おうじて 用意よういする. Before a noun: に応おうじた + noun (年齢ねんれいに 応おうじた コース).
• ① Adjusting to a changing condition: Before it you often find something that can be big or small, many or few: 人数にんずう・季節きせつ・年齢ねんれい・予算よさん・レベル・時間じかん. When the condition differs, what comes after differs too.
• ② Answering someone's request: 希望きぼう・声こえ・質問しつもん + に応おうじて = in response to ~: お客きゃくさんの 希望きぼうに 応おうじて 作つくります. That is exactly how Rin asked at the briefing.
• Different from によって: によって only says “differs depending on ~”: 人ひとに よって 違ちがう. に応おうじて means “adjusting as ~ changes”. After it comes something adjusted, prepared or changed, like 料金りょうきんが 変かわる (the fee is adjusted to the number of people).

• 人数にんずうに 応おうじて、いすを 用意よういします。 — We prepare chairs according to the number of people.
• この お店みせは 季節きせつに 応おうじて、メニューを 変かえます。 — This shop changes its menu with the season.
• お客きゃくさまの ご予算よさんに 応おうじて、ホテルを 選えらびます。 — We choose a hotel to fit the guest's budget.
• 住民じゅうみんの 声こえに 応おうじて、計画けいかくを 変更へんこうしました。 — The plan was changed in response to the residents' opinions.
• 日本語にほんごの レベルに 応おうじた クラスが あります。 — There are classes to fit your Japanese level.

Grammar 3 / 3: にともなって

Noun / verb dictionary form + に伴ともなって = “along with ~”. Something changes or happens first, and other things happen or change together with it. In writing, に伴ともない is common. Before a noun, use に伴ともなう + noun.

• Form: N / V dictionary form + に伴ともなって: Noun + に 伴ともなって: 工事こうじに 伴ともなって. Verb dictionary form + に 伴ともなって: 人口じんこうが 増ふえるに 伴ともなって. In writing, に伴ともない is common.
• Meaning: A changes, and B changes too: Before it, you often find a noun for a change or event: 拡張かくちょう・増加ぞうか・工事こうじ・引ひっ越こし. After it comes what happens or changes together with it.
• Compare with につれて・とともに: につれて stresses “little by little, changing together” (寒さむく なるに つれて). に伴ともなって can also be used for one-time big events (工事こうじ・引ひっ越こし). とともに is close in meaning and can also mean “together with ~”. に伴ともなって can't mean “together with a person”. (In formal writing, 人ひとを 伴ともなう = to bring someone along. The particle is を, which is different from this lesson's に伴ともなって.)
• For formal situations: Very common in news, notices and briefings: 工事こうじに 伴ともなう お知しらせ. What comes before it must be a change or event of some scale. A small daily personal action like “waking up” doesn't fit, even in casual speech. Use と・たら: 起おきたら、ねこも 起おきた.

• 道路どうろの 拡張かくちょうに 伴ともない、木きを 切きる 予定よていです。 — Along with the road widening, the tree is planned to be cut down.
• 人口じんこうが 増ふえるに 伴ともなって、バスも 増ふえました。 — As the population grew, buses also increased.
• 観光客かんこうきゃくの 増加ぞうかに 伴ともなって、町まちも にぎやかに なった。 — As tourists increased, the streets became livelier.
• 引ひっ越こしに 伴ともなって、学校がっこうも 変かわりました。 — Because we moved, I changed schools too.
• 工事こうじに 伴ともなう 変更へんこうを お知しらせします。 — This is a notice of changes that come with the construction.