Lesson 29: なにか 買いましたか
N5 · Lesson 29 · 20 min — なにか: something; なにも + negative: nothing; 〜に: meet a friend, ask a teacher; AやB: A, B, etc.
Last lesson you learned to say "I want to ...", give reasons and say "but". This lesson plays with the question words なに・だれ・どこ・いつ. Add か and they mean "some-". Add も plus a negative and they mean "no-". You will also learn two small particles: に (doing something to a person) and や (examples). Start with the comic!
After this lesson, you can:
- Use なにか・だれか・どこか・いつか to say "something, someone, somewhere, someday"
- Use なにも・だれも・どこへも + negative to say "nothing, no one, nowhere", and talk about your vacation: どこへも 行きませんでした
- Use に to mark the person you do something to: 友達に 会います、先生に 聞きます
- Use や (and など) to give a few examples: ラーメンや すし(など)
Shop-hunt team: go?
Over the summer, Rin still couldn't find the shop in the photo in Asakusa. New term: he decides to show everyone the photo. (写真=photo; おじいさん=grandpa; 店=shop; ききます=ask; ぎょうざ=gyoza; いっしょに=together; さがします=look for)
なにか/だれか = something / someone; なにも/だれも + negative = nothing / no one; 人に = to a person; AやB = examples. The quiz is handed back... Kumata seems to challenge Rin...
New words for this lesson
- 夏休み (natsuyasumi): summer vacation
- 母 (haha): (my) mother
- 父 (chichi): (my) father
- 会います (aimasu): to meet, to see (a person)
- 聞きます (kikimasu): to ask; to listen
- 電話します (denwa shimasu): to phone, to call
- など (nado): and so on, etc.
Grammar 1 / 4: なにか
Add か after a question word and it means "some-": なにか = something, だれか = someone, どこか = somewhere, いつか = someday
- Question word + か = some-: なに→なにか (something), だれ→だれか (someone), どこ→どこか (somewhere), いつ→いつか (someday, sometime). The speaker does not know, or does not say, which one.
- を and が are often dropped: After なにか and だれか, を and が are often left out (adding them is fine too): なにか 食べたいです、だれか いますか。After どこか you can add へ/に or leave it out: どこか(へ)行きたいです。
- Answer with はい/いいえ: なにか〜か and だれか〜か ask "is there any?", so answer はい or いいえ first: なにか 買いましたか。→ はい、おみやげを 買いました。
- いつか = someday: いつか usually means an unknown day in the future (someday, sometime), often with たい: いつか 富士山に 行きたいです。Careful: in Lesson 15, いつか (五日) was the date "the 5th". Here いつか = いつ + か = someday. Context tells you which.
- なにか 食べたいです。 — I want to eat something.
- なにか 飲みませんか。 — Would you like something to drink?
- だれか いますか。 — Is anyone there?
- 夏休みに どこか 行きましたか。 — Did you go anywhere during summer vacation?
- いつか 富士山に 行きたいです。 — Someday I want to go to Mt. Fuji.
Grammar 2 / 4: なにも
Add も after a question word, then use a negative: "nothing / no one / nowhere". なにも 買いませんでした = I bought nothing
- Question word + も + negative: なにも + 〜ません (nothing), だれも + 〜ません (no one), どこへも + 〜ません (nowhere). It must be followed by a negative (〜ません, 〜ませんでした and 〜たくないです all work).
- を and が disappear: Do not add を or が after なにも and だれも: なにも 食べません、だれも いません。Only を and が vanish. Keep the へ in a place phrase: どこへも 行きません。
- Talk about your vacation: Didn't go anywhere in summer? Say: 夏休みは どこへも 行きませんでした。If someone asks なにか しましたか and you did nothing, answer: いいえ、なにも しませんでした。
- いつも is a different word: いつ + も = いつも is the "always" you already know. It does not belong to this group. For "never / not at all", use ぜんぜん〜ません, which you have learned.
- なにも 買いませんでした。 — I bought nothing.
- かばんの 中に なにも ありません。 — There is nothing in the bag.
- 店に だれも いません。 — There is no one in the shop.
- 夏休みは どこへも 行きませんでした。 — I didn't go anywhere during summer vacation.
- 今日は なにも 食べたくないです。 — I don't want to eat anything today.
Grammar 3 / 4: 〜に (person)
Person + に + action: the action is done toward that person. 友達に 会います = meet a friend, 先生に 聞きます = ask the teacher
- Person + に + action: All three verbs in this lesson work this way: 友達に 会います (meet a friend), 先生に 聞きます (ask the teacher), 母に 電話します (call Mom).
- Not を: In English, "friend" and "teacher" look like direct objects ("meet a friend", "ask the teacher"). But Japanese does not use を here. Use に. (友達と 会います is also possible: it means "meet up with a friend", as a shared meeting. 母と 電話します means "talk with Mom on the phone". For now, remember に. Never use を.)
- Check what comes before に: You have seen several uses of に: 7時に (time), 駅に 行きます (destination), 駅に あります (location). When a person comes before に, it is the target of the action.
- Two meanings of 聞きます: "Ask a person" uses に: 先生に 聞きます。"Listen to something" uses を (Lesson 12). To ask "Who are you asking?": だれに 聞きますか。
- 友達に 会います。 — I'm going to meet a friend.
- 先生に 聞きます。 — I'll go ask the teacher.
- 母に 電話します。 — I'm going to call Mom.
- 駅で 友達に 会いました。 — I met a friend at the station.
- だれに 聞きますか。 — Whom will you ask?
- 父に 電話したいです。 — I want to call Dad.
Grammar 4 / 4: AやB
A や B: you list just a few examples, and there are others. You can add など (and so on) at the end: ラーメンや すし(など)
- Noun や noun: Like と, や goes between two nouns: おかしや おちゃ。You can list three, too: ラーメンや すしや ケーキ。
- Add など at the end: など = and so on. Put it after the last noun, then add を, が or に: おかしや おまもりなどを 買いました。
- と or や?: と = just these (the full list); や = examples (there is more). When ordering food or buying tickets, be exact and use と: コーヒーと ケーキを ください。
- Nouns only: や joins nouns only. It cannot join actions or whole sentences.
- ラーメンや すしを 食べました。 — I ate ramen, sushi, and so on.
- おかしや おまもりなどを 買いました。 — I bought snacks, omamori (lucky charms) and so on.
- 京都や 浅草に 行きたいです。 — I want to go to places like Kyoto and Asakusa.
- かばんの 中に 財布や スマホなどが あります。 — In my bag there are a wallet, a phone, and so on.
- コーヒーと ケーキを ください。 — Coffee and cake, please. (just these two)