Lesson 92: 読みやすい・働き始める・泣き出す
N4 · Lesson 92 · 18 min — Add a word after the verb: easy to read, hard to say, start working, burst into tears
Last lesson, Mr. Kuma finally spoke up: this shop used to have a different name. Today you learn one handy formula. Take the ます-form and drop ます (this is the 'stem'). Then add やすい・にくい・始める・終わる・続ける・出す. You get one extra layer of meaning right away. Let's read the comic first!
After this lesson, you can:
- Use 〜やすい/〜にくい for 'easy to...' and 'hard to...': 読みやすい (easy to read), 食べにくい (hard to eat)
- Use 〜始める/〜終わる/〜続ける for 'start to...', 'finish...ing' and 'keep...ing'
- Use 〜出す for 'suddenly start to...': 泣き出しました (burst into tears)
Hard to Say
Mr. Kuma says the shop once had another name. After closing, he finally goes on. (しんみり = a quiet, sad mood)
Panel 1: 話しにくい (hard to say). Panel 2: 働き始めた (started working). Panel 4: 泣き出しました (burst into tears) and 食べづらい (the mood is sad, so it's hard to eat). Drop ます from the verb, then add やすい/にくい/づらい/始める/出す. Next lesson: Mr. Kuma suddenly says he must open the shop, and runs into the kitchen...
Words: Verb + One More Word
- 読みやすい (yomiyasui): easy to read
- 話しにくい (hanashinikui): hard to say
- 言いづらい (iizurai): hard to say (it feels awkward inside)
- 住みやすい (sumiyasui): easy to live in, comfortable
- 働き始める (hatarakihajimeru): start working
- 食べ終わる (tabeowaru): finish eating
- 降り続ける (furitsuzukeru): keep falling (rain, snow)
- 泣く (naku): to cry
- 泣き出す (nakidasu): burst into tears
- 急に (kyū ni): suddenly
- しんみりする (shinmiri suru): (mood) quiet and sentimental
- 四十年前 (yonjūnen mae): forty years ago
- 字 (ji): letter, character
Grammar 1 / 3: 〜やすい・〜にくい
ます-stem+やすい = easy to...; +にくい = hard to...: 読みやすい/読みにくい
- How to make it: ます-stem+やすい/にくい: Same stem as 〜たい: 読みます→読みやすい, 食べます→食べにくい, します→しやすい, わかります→わかりやすい.
- Meaning: easy / hard to do: Use it to say if something is easy or hard to use or understand: この ペンは 書きやすい (this pen is easy to write with), この 字は 読みにくい (this character is hard to read). It also works for places: 住みやすい 町 (a comfortable town to live in).
- It conjugates like an い-adjective: After you add やすい/にくい, the whole word becomes an い-adjective: 読みやすくて (て-form), 読みやすかったです (past), 読みやすくないです (negative), 使いやすい ペン (before a noun, no な).
- づらい: it feels hard to you: にくい is mostly 'hard to do' in an objective way (tiny letters, too hot, too big). づらい means 'I find it hard, I can't bring myself to': 言いづらい (hard to bring up), 足が いたくて 歩きづらい (my foot hurts, so walking is hard), しんみりして 食べづらい (the mood is sad, so it's hard to eat). The meanings are close. Learn にくい first, and just recognize づらい.
- この 本は 字が 大きくて、読みやすいです。 — This book has big letters. It is easy to read.
- 先生の 話は いつも わかりやすいです。 — What the teacher says is always easy to understand.
- 谷中は 静かで、住みやすい 町です。 — Yanaka is quiet. It is a comfortable place to live.
- この ラーメンは 熱くて、食べにくいです。 — This ramen is hot. It is hard to eat.
- この ペンは 書きにくかったです。 — This pen was (earlier) very hard to write with.
- 足が いたくて、歩きづらいです。 — My foot hurts, so walking is hard.
Grammar 2 / 3: 〜はじめる・〜おわる・〜つづける
ます-stem+始める = start to...; +終わる = finish...ing; +続ける = keep...ing
- How to make it: ます-stem+three verbs: 働きます→働き始める, 読みます→読み終わる, 降ります→降り続ける. します→し始める is fine too.
- Three meanings: 始める = start doing (働き始めた: started working); 終わる = finish doing it all (本を 読み終わった: finished reading the whole book); 続ける = keep doing without stopping (歩き続ける: keep walking).
- They conjugate like normal verbs: 始める and 続ける are Group 2, and 終わる is Group 1: 働き始めました, 読み終わって, 降り続けて います. You can add たら: 食べ終わったら (after finishing eating).
- Use 始める, not 始まる: Both 始まる (intransitive) and 始める (transitive) exist as verbs on their own. But after another verb, to say 'start to...', always use 〜始める: 雨が 降り始めた, 桜が 咲き始めた.
- 店長は 四十年前に ここで 働き始めました。 — Mr. Kuma started working here forty years ago.
- 窓の 外の 桜が 咲き始めました。 — The cherry blossoms outside the window have started to bloom.
- この 本は もう 読み終わりました。 — I have already finished reading this book.
- ラーメンを 食べ終わったら、帰りましょう。 — Let's go home after we finish the ramen.
- 雨が 朝から 降り続けて います。 — It has been raining nonstop since morning.
- 店長は 四十年 ラーメンを 作り続けて います。 — Mr. Kuma has kept making ramen for forty years.
Grammar 3 / 3: 〜だす
ます-stem+出す = suddenly start to...: 泣きます → 泣き出す (burst into tears)
- How to make it: ます-stem+出す: 泣きます→泣き出す, 降ります→降り出す, 笑います→笑い出す, 走ります→走り出す. 出す is read だす.
- Meaning: suddenly start to...: It stresses that something starts all at once and unexpectedly. Most common with crying, laughing, rain, running and talking. It often goes with 急に: 犬が 急に 走り出した (the dog suddenly started to run).
- How it differs from 始める: 始める is the general 'start'. You can use it for your own decisions, plans and invitations: 明日から 読み始めます, いっしょに 歌い始めましょう. 出す is only for things that happen suddenly, so it usually does not go with invitations or requests like 〜ましょう and 〜て ください.
- Mostly in the past tense: You use it to describe 'what just happened suddenly', so you usually hear 〜出しました/〜出した. 出す is a Group 1 verb: 出します・出して・出した.
- 店長が 急に 泣き出しました。 — Mr. Kuma suddenly burst into tears.
- 帰る とき、雨が 降り出しました。 — On the way home, it suddenly started to rain.
- 先生の 話を 聞いて、みんな 笑い出しました。 — After hearing the teacher, everyone burst out laughing.
- 犬が 急に 走り出しました。 — The dog suddenly started to run.
- 子どもが 急に 歌い出しました。 — The child suddenly started to sing.