“〜wo kakaete iru・wo seotte iru”: To Carry (a problem) / Shoulder (a burden) [JLPT N1]
By Nihongo to Japan · Updated July 3, 2026
Expressions for bearing a burden or responsibility
“〜wo kakaete iru・wo seotte iru”: To Carry a Problem / Shoulder a Burden
Both express bearing a burden, with different nuances: を抱(かか)えている = “to carry, harbor (a problem, worry, debt),” bearing an intractable burden internally: 「彼は人に言えない悩みを抱えている」 (he carries a worry he can't tell anyone); を背負(せお)っている = “to shoulder (responsibility, fate, expectations),” a heavy load on one's back: 「彼は重い責任を背負っている」 (he shoulders a heavy responsibility).
🧠 Core nuance: a problem held in one's arms vs a load on one's back
Both mean bearing a heavy load, but with different images: 抱える is held in the arms — mostly problems, worries, debts, or illness, an internal burden hard to shake and faced continually (carry a worry, carry debt); 背負う is carried on the back — mostly responsibility, fate, expectations, or the past, a major obligation placed on one (shoulder responsibility, shoulder expectations). The former leans “one's own problem,” the latter “an obligation on one's shoulders.”
📌 How to Connect
| Form | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| noun + を抱えている | carry (problem/worry/debt) | 悩みを抱えている |
| noun + を背負っている | shoulder (responsibility/fate/expectations) | 責任を背負っている |
| (transitive) particle を | ✗ が抱える | 〜を抱える |
💬 Example Sentences
- 彼は、人に言えない悩みを抱えている。(He carries a worry he can't tell anyone.) — harbor a worry
- 会社は多額の借金を抱えている。(The company is saddled with huge debt.) — carry debt
- 彼女は、病気を抱えながら働いている。(She works while dealing with an illness.) — carry illness
- 彼は、一家の生活を背負っている。(He shoulders the livelihood of the whole family.) — shoulder responsibility
- 若くして、大きな期待を背負っている。(Young as he is, he shoulders great expectations.) — shoulder expectations
🔄 Compare: を抱える vs を背負う vs を担う vs を負う
| Expression | Nuance | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 〜を抱える | “carry (problem/worry/debt)” (internal trouble) | 悩みを抱える |
| 〜を背負う | “shoulder (responsibility/fate/expectations)” (load on the back) | 責任を背負う |
| 〜を担(にな)う | “bear, take on (a task/role)” (written) | 重責を担う |
| 〜を負(お)う | “bear (responsibility/injury)” (written) | 責任を負う |
⚠️ Common Mistakes
- Using が: ✗ 責任が背負う → transitive uses を (責任を背負う).
- 抱える vs 背負う collocation: worry/debt mostly use 抱える; responsibility/fate/expectations mostly use 背負う.
- Adding だ: ✗ 責任だ抱える → a noun attaches directly to を抱える.
- Mostly the ている form: for an ongoing state use 「を抱えている/背負っている」.
💡 Nuance & When to Use
を抱える・を背負う both express bearing a heavy load: 抱える is an internal trouble held in the arms (worry, debt, illness), faced continually and hard to shake; 背負う is a major obligation on the back (responsibility, fate, expectations) placed on one and must be borne. The former leans “one's own problem,” the latter “an obligation on one's shoulders.” Often in the ている form for an ongoing state. Master “抱える (trouble in arms) vs 背負う (load on back).” A must at N1.
🎯 JLPT Exam Tips
- Commonly tested at N1: を抱えている (carry a problem/worry/debt) vs を背負っている (shoulder responsibility/fate/expectations).
- Particle: transitive uses を.
- Distinction: 抱える (internal trouble) vs 背負う/担う/負う (obligation on the shoulders).
🖊️ 練習題(5題)
Q1. 「彼は人に言えない悩み___。」(懷有煩惱)
(A) を抱えている (B) に越したことはない (C) を禁じ得ない (D) に堪えない
Q2. 「を背負う」が接しやすいのは?
(A) 責任・運命・期待
(B) 飲み物
(C) 天氣
(D) 顏色
Q3. 「借金を抱えている」の意味は?
(A) 背負著債務
(B) 沒有債務
(C) 還清債務
(D) 借錢給人
Q4. 「を抱える」の語感は?
(A) 懷有/背負(問題・煩惱,內部承受)
(B) 輕鬆愉快
(C) 命令
(D) 條件
Q5. 接法が正しいのは?
(A) 重い責任を背負っている。 (B) 責任を背負っているを。
(C) 責任が背負う(他動詞は を)。 (D) 責任だ抱える。
答案解析
1. (A) を抱えている ── 懷有煩惱。
2. (A) ── 背負接責任・運命・期待。
3. (A) ── 背負著債務。
4. (A) ── 懷有/背負(內部承受)。
5. (A) ── 「重い責任を背負っている」正確。