“〜to ka”: …and Such / I Heard… / Apparently Said (three colloquial uses) [JLPT N4]
By Nihongo to Japan · Updated July 3, 2026
“eat ramen and pizza and such,” “heard she got a boyfriend,” “said something like ‘amazing'” — three very different feels of とか
“〜to ka”: …and Such / I Heard… / Apparently Said (three colloquial uses)
「とか」 is a common colloquial word with three uses: ① incomplete listing “…and …and such” (giving examples, implying more): 「週末は映画とかショッピングとかした」 (on the weekend I did things like movies and shopping); ② uncertain hearsay “I heard…”: 「田中さんが転職するとか聞いた」 (I heard Tanaka's changing jobs or something); ③ vague quotation “said something like…”: 「すごいとか言ってた」 (he said something like “amazing”). All carry a colloquial, uncertain/incomplete feel.
🧠 Core nuance: the colloquial ‘and such,' vague, not committing fully
The core is colloquial listing or quotation with vagueness and reserve: ① listing means “…and …and such (there's more)” (incomplete listing, more casual than と (complete)); ② hearsay means “I heard, seems to be” (with uncertainty); ③ quotation means “said something like…” (vague, not pinning down the exact words). とか all carry a colloquial, uncertain, reserved feel, making expression less absolute, more casual. ⚠️ Contrast: と is complete listing (just these); とか is incomplete (there's more), colloquial.
📌 How to Connect
| Use | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ① incomplete listing | noun/clause + とか〜とか | 映画とかショッピングとか |
| ② hearsay | plain form + とか(聞いた) | 転職するとか |
| ③ vague quotation | 〜とか言ってた | すごいとか言ってた |
💬 Example Sentences
- 週末は、映画とか買い物とかして過ごした。(I spent the weekend doing things like movies and shopping.) — ① incomplete listing
- 冷蔵庫に、卵とか牛乳とか入ってるよ。(There's stuff like eggs and milk in the fridge.) — ① listing
- 田中さん、来月結婚するとか聞いたけど、本当?(I heard Tanaka's getting married next month or something — is it true?) — ② hearsay
- 彼、もう日本にいないとか言ってたよ。(He said something like he's not in Japan anymore.) — ③ vague quotation
- このカフェ、雰囲気がいいとか、よく評判を聞く。(I often hear good things about this cafe, like the atmosphere being nice.) — vague
🔄 Compare: とか vs と vs や vs って
| Expression | Nuance | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 〜とか | “…and such / I heard / said like” (colloquial, incomplete/uncertain) | 映画とか買い物とか |
| 〜と | “… and …” (complete listing, just these) | AとBを買う |
| 〜や | “… and … etc.” (incomplete listing, a bit written) | りんごやみかん |
| 〜って | “I heard / said …” (colloquial quotation, = と) | 来るって |
⚠️ Common Mistakes
- とか in formal settings: とか is very colloquial and casual; formal writing uses や・など.
- とか vs と: と is complete listing (just these); とか is incomplete (there's more), colloquial.
- Keep the three uses apart: listing (…and …and such), hearsay (heard …とか聞いた), vague quotation (…とか言ってた).
- Connection: listing takes nouns/clauses; hearsay/quotation takes the plain form.
💡 Nuance & When to Use
とか is a common colloquial word with three uses: ① incomplete listing “…and …and such” (giving examples, implying more); ② uncertain hearsay “I heard…” (とか聞いた); ③ vague quotation “said something like…” (とか言ってた). All carry a colloquial, uncertain/incomplete, reserved feel, making expression less absolute, more casual. Distinguish from the complete-listing と and the slightly-written や. Extremely common in conversation, but formal settings use や/など. A must at N4.
🎯 JLPT Exam Tips
- High-frequency N4: ① とか (incomplete listing, …and …and such); ② とか (hearsay, I heard); ③ とか言ってた (vague quotation).
- Distinction: とか (colloquial, incomplete/uncertain) vs と (complete listing) vs や (slightly-written incomplete listing).
- Register: とか is very colloquial; formal use や・など.
🖊️ 練習題(5 題)
Q1. 「週末は映画___ショッピング___しました。」(週末看了電影啦、購物啦之類的,口語列舉)
(A) と/と (B) や/や (C) とか/とか (D) か/か
Q2. 「田中さんが転職する___聞いた。」(聽說田中要跳槽了,不確定傳聞)
(A) とか (B) と (C) とかを (D) らしい
Q3. 「リーメンとかピザとか食べる」の「とか」の用法は?
(A) 伝聞 (B) 完全列舉 (C) 不完全列舉(口語) (D) 引用
Q4. 「〜とか言ってた」はどんな意味?
(A) 確實說了那句話
(B) 模糊引用,好像說了那類的話
(C) 否定對方說的話
(D) 命令對方說話
Q5. 「と」と「とか」の最大の違いは?
(A) とか は書面語;と は口語
(B) と は完全列舉(就這些);とか は不完全・口語(還有其他)
(C) とか は否定的な意味がある
(D) と は伝聞を表す
答案解析
1. (C) とか/とか ── 口語中的不完全列舉用「とか」:「映画とかショッピングとかした(看了電影啦購物啦之類的)」,隱含「還有其他事情」。
2. (A) とか ── 「田中さんが転職するとか聞いた(聽說田中要跳槽了)」= 普通形 + とか = 不確定的傳聞。らしい(D)也可以,但「とか聞いた」更口語,且特別強調「是聽別人說的」。
3. (C) 不完全列舉(口語) ── 「ラーメンとかピザとか食べる(吃拉麵啦披薩啦之類的)」= とか 的列舉用法,隱含「不只這些,還有其他」。
4. (B) ── 「〜とか言ってた(好像說了那類的話)」= 模糊引用,說話者不確定對方說的確切內容,只是大概引用。比「〜と言っていた(他說了〜)」更不確定・更口語。
5. (B) ── と:完全列舉(「りんごとバナナ」= 就只有蘋果和香蕉);とか:不完全列舉(「りんごとかバナナとか」= 蘋果之類的、香蕉之類的,暗示還有其他)。