Kenjougo (Humble Language): 申す・参る・いたす [JLPT N4]

Content by NTJ Kuma · Nihongo to Japan editorial team · Updated July 27, 2026

Lowering your own actions to show respect — the humble keigo verbs

「田中と申します」 — lowering yourself to show respect

At a first business meeting you say 「田中と申します」 (my name is Tanaka), or visiting their office 「明日参ります」 (I'll come tomorrow) — these 「申す・参る・いたす」 are humble language (kenjōgo): by lowering your own (or your side's) actions, you indirectly elevate the other person and show respect. It's the opposite direction from “respectful language (elevating the other).” This guide covers the two ways to form it, the key special verbs, and the easiest mistake.

Core principle: lower yourself, and respect rises

There are three kinds of keigo; humble language is one:

Key: humble language is only for “your own (your side's)” actions, never the other person's.

Two ways to form humble language

MethodRuleExample
① Special verbsswap for a dedicated humble verb言う申す, 行く来る参る, する→いたす
② お/ご〜するお + ます-stem + する持つお持ちする, 案内ご案内する

See it in context

⚠️ Common mistakes to avoid

Humble language is only for “you,” never the other person.社長参りました (don't use humble for the president's action) → use respectful for them (社長がいらっしゃいました). Reversing the direction is the worst error.

Don't confuse 「お〜する」 vs 「お〜になる」. お持ちする = humble (I carry, for you); お持ちになる = respectful (you carry). One word apart, opposite direction of respect.

Your own side also takes humble. Speaking of your company's president to an outside client, the president is “your side” — use humble (弊社の社長が申しております). In-group vs out-group matters.

🔄 The key special keigo verbs

PlainHumble (lower yourself)Respectful (elevate them)
言う申す/申し上げるおっしゃる
行く/来る参る/伺ういらっしゃる (honorific for be, come and go)
見る拝見するご覧になる
するいたすなさる
食べるいただく召し上がる

💡 The key point in use

The most important — and most-reversed — thing in humble language is direction: humble lowers “you,” respectful elevates “the other.” Always remember “**参る, 申す, いたす can only be things I do**” — never for a president's or client's action (use いらっしゃる, おっしゃる there). In practice, memorize the five highest-frequency special verbs first (申す・参る・いたす・拝見する・いただく), add the all-purpose 「お〜する」, and you can handle most business humble language.

❓ Questions you might have

Q: When do I use humble vs respectful language?

By who does the action: if “I/my side” does it → humble (lower yourself: 私が参ります); if “the other/a superior” does it → respectful (elevate them: 社長がいらっしゃいます). Test: ask “who does this action?” — I do → humble, they do → respectful.

Q: 「お持ちする」 vs 「お持ちになる」?

Opposite directions! 「お持ちする」 = humble (I carry, serving you: お荷物お持ちします); 「お持ちになる」 = respectful (you carry: 社長がかばんをお持ちになる). 「お〜する」 lowers you, 「お〜になる」 elevates them — keep them straight, as reversing is very rude.

🖊️ Practice Questions (5)

Q1. (introducing yourself on the phone) 「私は田中と___。」(humble form)

(A) おっしゃいます (B) 申します (C) なさいます (D) いらっしゃいます

Q2. 「では、私が会場へ___。」(I go to the venue)

(A) 参ります (B) いらっしゃいます (C) おいでになります (D) 来られます

Q3. 「お手紙を___。」(I read your letter — humble form)

(A) ご覧になります (B) 拝見します (C) 見られます (D) お見になります

Q4. 謙譲語の働きとして正しいのは?

(A) Raises the other person's action (B) Lowers one's own (the speaker's side's) action to show respect (C) Just polite language (丁寧語) (D) Indicates negation

Q5. 「いたす」は何の謙譲語か?

(A) する (B) 言う (C) 行く (D) 見る


Answer Explanations

1. (B) 申します ── Introducing yourself refers to yourself, so use the humble 「申す」; 「おっしゃる」is respectful language that elevates the other person and can't be used for yourself.

2. (A) 参ります ── The humble form of 「行く・来る」is 「参る」; いらっしゃる/おいでになる are respectful (used for the other person).

3. (B) 拝見します ── The humble form of 「見る」is 「拝見する」; ご覧になる is respectful.

4. (B) ── Humble language lowers one's own (the speaker's side's) action to indirectly elevate the other person and show respect.

5. (A) する ── 「いたす」is the humble form of 「する」(e.g., お願いいたします).

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