“〜ni chigainai”: Must Be 〜 / Surely 〜 (a strong, grounded inference) [JLPT N3]

Content by NTJ Kuma · Nihongo to Japan editorial team · Updated July 27, 2026

“He must know” — an almost-certain inference based on grounds

「あんなに自信があるなら、合格するにちがいない」 — 「にちがいない」, must be ~ (a well-grounded strong guess)

「あんなに自信があるのだから、合格するにちがいない」 (he's so confident, he must pass) — 「(plain form/noun) + にちがいない」 means “must be ~, surely ~”: based on some signs or clues, making an almost certain inference. It's not a wild guess, but high confidence after weighing the clues. This guide covers 「にちがいない」's attachment, that “almost certain” feel, and separates it from 「かもしれない (maybe)/はずだ (should, by reasoning)」.

Core: after weighing the clues, almost certainly it's so

The core of 「にちがいない」 is “a well-grounded, high-confidence guess” — not a wild guess, but based on some signs, circumstances (he's so confident, the lights are on) inferring “almost certainly it's so”:

Feel: “(from the clues) must be ~, surely ~” — very high confidence, near certainty (but still a guess, not 100% fact).

How to Connect

FormAttachmentExample
verb/i-adj plain form + にちがいないmust …合格するにちがいない (they're sure to pass)
noun + にちがいない (no だ)must be …犯人は彼にちがいない (the culprit must be him)
na-adj + にちがいない (no だ)must be very …大変にちがいない (it must be tough)

See it in context

⚠️ Where learners slip up

Nouns and na-adjectives take no 「だ」 — attach directly. ✗ 犯人は彼にちがいない/✗ 大変にちがいない → ✓ 犯人は彼にちがいない, 大変にちがいない. After nouns and na-adjectives, no だ/な — attach 「にちがいない」 directly (彼にちがいない, 静かにちがいない). Verbs and i-adjectives attach the plain form directly (来るにちがいない, 高いにちがいない).

「にちがいない」 (well-grounded high confidence) vs 「かもしれない」 (maybe, low confidence). にちがいない = almost certain from clues (very high confidence) (合格するにちがいない = must pass); かもしれない = maybe, perhaps (low confidence, just one possibility) (合格するかもしれない = might pass). To strongly conclude “must be” use にちがいない, for a mere “might” use かもしれない. Confidence: にちがいない > だろう > かもしれない.

「にちがいない」 (a subjective strong conviction) vs 「はずだ」 (should, by reasoning). にちがいない = a subjective strong conviction from signs (I'm almost certain) (with the speaker's subjective feeling); はずだ = ‘should be' by logic, common sense (a more objective logical inference) (約束したから、来るはずだ = we promised, so he should come). にちがいない is “I'm convinced it must be,” はずだ is “by reason it should be” — the former more subjective and strong, the latter more objective.

🔄 Nuance & comparison: にちがいない/かもしれない/はずだ/に決まっている

FormFeelConfidence
〜にちがいない (it must be … — strong conviction)must be (well-grounded strong conviction)high
〜かもしれない (it might be … — low certainty)maybe, perhapslow
〜はずだshould be (objective inference)mid-high
〜に決まっている (of course it's … — colloquial)definitely, absolutely (assertive, more colloquial/strong)highest

💡 The key point in use

The core of 「にちがいない」 is “based on some signs, clues, making an almost certain inference — must be ~, surely ~” (電気がついているから家にいるにちがいない = the lights are on, so he must be home; あの様子から何かあったにちがいない = from the look of it, something must have happened). It's a well-grounded high confidence (not a wild guess, nor 100% fact, but “I'm almost certain” after weighing the clues). Three points: ① nouns and na-adjectives take no だ/な (彼にちがいない, ✗ 彼だにちがいない); ② much higher confidence than 「かもしれない」 — にちがいない is “must,” かもしれない is “maybe”; ③ vs 「はずだ」 — にちがいない is more subjectively strong, はずだ more objective (should be by reason). To conclude “must be …” from clues, にちがいない is spot-on.

❓ FAQ

Q: How do I tell 「にちがいない」 from 「かもしれない」? (very different confidence)

By “level of confidence.” 「にちがいない」 = must be, surely (‘very high' confidence, near certainty from signs): 財布がないから、電車で落としたにちがいない (my wallet's gone, so I must have dropped it on the train — concluding from “wallet's gone”), 彼の顔色からして、体調が悪いにちがいない (from his complexion, he must be unwell). It's “I'm almost certain it's so.” 「かもしれない」 = maybe, perhaps (‘low' confidence, just one of many possibilities): 財布は電車で落としたかもしれない (I might have dropped my wallet on the train — one possibility, could be elsewhere), 明日は雨が降るかもしれない (it might rain tomorrow — uncertain). It's “this is possible, but uncertain.” So: “must be (high confidence, near certainty)” → にちがいない; “maybe (low confidence, just possible)” → かもしれない. Confidence order: にちがいない (must) > だろう (probably) > かもしれない (maybe). For the same thing, 「合格するにちがいない」 = “must pass” (confident), 「合格するかもしれない」 = “might pass” (unsure).

Q: How does 「にちがいない」 attach? Do nouns and na-adjectives take 「だ」?

No! This is the most common attachment error. By word type: ① noun + にちがいない (no だ): 犯人は彼にちがいない (the culprit must be him, ✗ 彼だにちがいない), あれは夢にちがいない (that must be a dream). Nouns attach 「にちがいない」 directly, no 「だ」. ② na-adjective + にちがいない (no な/だ): この問題は複雑にちがいない (this problem must be complex, ✗ 複雑なにちがいない, ✗ 複雑だにちがいない), 彼は正直にちがいない (he must be honest). na-adjectives also attach directly, no 「な」 or 「だ」. ③ verb・i-adjective + plain form + にちがいない: 来るにちがいない (must come), 忙しいにちがいない (must be busy), 疲れたにちがいない (must be tired) — verbs and i-adjectives attach the plain form directly. So: nouns and na-adj attach directly (no だ/な), verbs and i-adj use the plain form. Nouns and na-adjectives taking “no だ” is where it differs from an ordinary predicate (noun + だ) — an easy slip.

🖊️ Practice Questions (5)

Q1. 「あんなに自信があるなら、合格する___。」(surely will pass)

(A) にちがいない (B) かもしれない (C) わけがない (D) どころか

Q2. 「犯人は彼___。」(noun attachment; the culprit must be him)

(A) にちがいない (B) だにちがいない (C) なにちがいない (D) のにちがいない

Q3. 「にちがいない」の確信度は?

(A) Strong conviction (definitely, with grounds)

(B) Completely uncertain

(C) Maybe, perhaps

(D) Pure hypothesis

Q4. 「にちがいない」と「かもしれない」の違いは?

(A) にちがいない=strong conviction; かもしれない=low confidence (maybe)

(B) The two are exactly the same

(C) にちがいない=maybe

(D) かもしれない=definitely

Q5. 接法が正しいのは?

(A) 留守にちがいない。 (B) 留守だにちがいない。

(C) 来るだにちがいない。 (D) 高いなにちがいない。


Answer Explanations

1. (A) にちがいない ── Strong conviction with grounds.

2. (A) にちがいない ── Noun attaches directly + にちがいない.

3. (A) ── Strong conviction (with grounds).

4. (A) ── にちがいない = strong conviction; かもしれない = low confidence.

5. (A) ── Nouns and na-adjectives attach directly (留守にちがいない), without だ/な.

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