“〜kaneru・kanemasu”: Hard to / Unable to 〜 (a polite refusal) [JLPT N2]

By Nihongo to Japan · Updated July 3, 2026

“I'm afraid I cannot answer” — a formal, polite way to say something is difficult to do

“〜kaneru・kanemasu”: Hard to / Unable to 〜 (a polite refusal)

「verb ます-stem + かねる」 means “hard to 〜, unable to 〜, can't well 〜” — though literally “unable in terms of capability,” it's mostly used for a polite, indirect refusal or reluctance. E.g. 「申し訳ございませんが、その質問にはお答えしかねます(I'm sorry, but I'm afraid I cannot answer that question), 「決めかねている」 (I'm having trouble deciding). It's a polite refusal for business and service settings, softer and more courteous than a blunt できません.

🧠 Core nuance: not unwilling, but a polite “genuinely hard to do”

The core is a polite expression of “hard to do”: かねる means “even if one wanted to, it's (for various reasons) hard to do,” often for politely refusing or declining (can't answer, can't agree, can't comply). It packages the refusal softly and courteously, giving the other a way out. ⚠️ Note: かねる and かねない are opposites — かねる = hard to do (can't); かねない = might well happen (a negative possibility, e.g. 事故になりかねない).

📌 How to Connect

FormPatternExample
verb ます-stem + かねるhard to 〜決めかねる
〜かねます (polite)I'm afraid I can't 〜 (decline)お答えしかねます
(contrast) 〜かねないmight well 〜 (negative)事故になりかねない

💬 Example Sentences

🔄 Compare: かねる vs かねない vs にくい vs づらい

ExpressionNuanceExample
〜かねる“hard to 〜” (polite refusal, formal)お答えしかねます
〜かねない“might well 〜” (negative possibility, opposite!)失敗しかねない
〜にくい“not easy to 〜” (objective difficulty)食べにくい
〜づらい“hard to 〜” (psychological/physical)言いづらい

⚠️ Common Mistakes

  1. Reversing かねる vs かねない: かねる = hard to do (decline); かねない = might well (negative) — opposites, the most tested point.
  2. Connection: ます-stem + かねる (✗ 答えるかねる/答えてかねる).
  3. Register: mostly for formal, business refusals (お〜しかねます); uncommon in daily chat.
  4. Not “highly capable”: it's “hard to, can't,” not an affirmation.

💡 Nuance & When to Use

かねる・かねます mean “hard to 〜, unable to 〜,” mostly for a polite, indirect refusal or reluctance (can't answer, can't agree, can't decide), a courteous decline for business and service settings, softer than できません. ⚠️ Most importantly, don't confuse it with かねない (might well 〜, a negative possibility) — they're opposites! かねる is can't, かねない is might happen. It takes the ます-stem. Master “polite refusal” and “opposite of かねない.” A must at N2.

🎯 JLPT Exam Tips

🖊️ 練習題(5題)

Q1. 「申し訳ございませんが、その質問にはお答え___。」(恕難回答,委婉)

(A) しかねます (B) しかねません (C) できます (D) します

Q2. 「かねる」の前に来る動詞の形は?

(A) ます形語幹 (B) 辭書形 (C) ない形 (D) た形

Q3. 「決めかねる」の意味は?

(A) 難以決定(委婉)

(B) 一定會決定

(C) 說不定會決定

(D) 已經決定

Q4. 「かねる」と「かねない」の違いとして正しいのは?

(A) かねる=難以做到(拒絕);かねない=說不定會(負面可能) —— 意思相反

(B) 兩者完全相同

(C) かねる=說不定會

(D) かねない=難以做到

Q5. 接法・場面が正しいのは?

(A) ご希望に添いかねます。 (B) ご希望に添うかねます。

(C) ご希望に添いかねない(委婉拒絕のつもり)。 (D) ご希望に添ってかねます。


答案解析

1. (A) しかねます ── 委婉拒絕(難以回答)。

2. (A) ます形語幹 ── ます形語幹+かねる。

3. (A) ── 難以決定(委婉)。

4. (A) ── かねる 難以做(拒絕);かねない 說不定會(相反)。

5. (A) ── 「添いかねます」正確;(C)誤用かねない(意思相反)。