“〜koto to naru”: It Has Been (Formally) Decided That 〜 (formal written) [JLPT N1]

Content by NTJ Kuma · Nihongo to Japan editorial team · Updated July 27, 2026

昇進することとなりました」 — the formal, written “it has been decided that 〜.”

「来月より新制度を導入することとなりました」 — the announcement tone of ‘it has been decided/become'

A company notice reads: 「来月より、新しい勤務制度導入することとなりました」 (from next month, a new attendance system will be introduced) — 「〜こととなる」 is the more formal, written version of 「〜ことになる」: “(through some decision/development) it becomes ~, it has been decided that ~.” It's common in announcements, notices, formal settings. This guide covers 「こととなる」's use and attachment, separating it from the general 「ことになる」 and 「ことにする」 (N2).

Core: (through decision/development) it becomes ~ (the formal version of ことになる)

「(verb dictionary form/nai-form) + こととなる」 = “(as a result/decision) it becomes ~, it has come to ~” — something coming about through a decision, development, or natural outcome, in a formal, dignified tone:

Feel: “it has been decided/come to ~” — the core is the same as 「ことになる」 (a non-personal-will decision, outcome), but 「こととなる」 is more formal, written, mostly for announcements, notices, formal reports, dignified self-statements. The past form 「〜こととなった/こととなりました」 is commonest.

How it attaches

FormMeaningExample
verb dictionary form + こととなる(decision/result) becomes ~導入することとなる (it has been decided that we will introduce it)
verb nai-form + こととなるit's decided not to ~実施しないこととなった (it was decided not to implement it)
〜こととなりました(honorific) it has been decided ~移転することとなりました (we have decided to relocate)

See it in context

⚠️ Common mistakes to avoid

「こととなる」 = the formal version of 「ことになる」, at a higher register. Same meaning (both a non-personal-will decision/outcome), differing in formality. 「ことになる」 = (decision/result) becomes ~ (general, all-purpose) (転勤することになった = I'm to be transferred); 「こととなる」 = the same, but more formal, written (転勤することとなりました = I am to be transferred — announcements, dignified settings). Use ことになる in daily talk; use こととなる only for announcements, notices, formal reports, dignified statements. Using こととなる for daily trifles sounds overly dignified.

「こととなる」 (a non-will decision/result) ≠ 「ことにする」 (one's own decision). An important distinction. こととなる/ことになる = (through a decision, natural development) it becomes ~ (not the speaker's personal will, or an indirect way to state one's own decision) (転勤することとなった = I'm [arranged by the company to be] transferred); ことにする = (I) decide to ~ (the speaker's own will) (転職することにした = I've decided to change jobs). For “(it's decided/results in) …” use こととなる, for “(I) decide to …” use ことにする. Japanese often uses こととなる/ことになる to indirectly state what is actually one's own decision (sounding objective, unassuming).

Attaches to the verb dictionary form/nai-form; announcements mostly use the past form. Attaches to the verb dictionary form (することとなる) or nai-form (しないこととなる). Announcements almost always use the past 「〜こととなりました/こととなった」 (“it has been decided …”). Note it's a written, formal expression attaching to a verb, not a noun (a noun's “become …” uses 「〜となる」 or 「〜になる」).

🔄 Compare with similar forms: こととなる/ことになる/ことにする/こととする

FormFeelExample
〜こととなる(decision/result) becomes ~ (formal, written)導入することとなった (it has been decided that we will introduce it)
〜ことになる(decision/result) becomes ~ (general)導入することになった (it was decided that we would introduce it)
〜ことにする(I) decide to ~ (personal will)導入することにする (I've decided to introduce it)
〜こととする(formally) decide to ~ (rules, documents)導入することとする (we hereby decide to introduce it)

💡 The key point in use

「〜こととなる」 = (through decision/development) it becomes ~, it has come to ~, the formal, written version of 「ことになる」, mostly for announcements, notices, formal reports, dignified self-statements (新制度を導入することとなりました = a new system will be introduced). Three points: ① higher register than 「ことになる」 — daily use ことになる, announcements/dignified use こととなる; ② it marks ‘a non-personal-will decision/result,' unlike 「ことにする (one's own decision)」 (Japanese often uses it to indirectly state what's actually one's own decision); ③ attaches to the verb dictionary/nai-form; announcements mostly use the past 「こととなりました」. To fittingly express “(it has thereby been) decided/become …” in a formal announcement, こととなる is the most tactful. (General use: see 〈ことになる〉.)

❓ Quick FAQ

Q: What exactly is the difference between 「こととなる」 and 「ことになる」? Interchangeable?

Nearly identical in meaning (both “(as a result of a decision, development) it becomes ~,” both leaning ‘non-personal-will'), differing only in formality, interchangeable in most cases. 「〜ことになる」 = (decision/result) becomes ~ (general, from daily talk to general writing): 来月、大阪に転勤することになった (I'm to be transferred to Osaka next month — a plain, natural statement). The commonest form. 「〜こととなる」 = the same, but more formal, written, dignified: 来月、大阪に転勤することとなりました (I am to be transferred to Osaka next month — the tone of an announcement, formal notice). It's mostly for company announcements, formal notices, dignified self-statements (marriage reports, transfer notices), reading weightier, more objective. Test: daily, general settings → ことになる; announcements, notices, formal reports, dignified statements → こととなる. E.g., among friends 「結婚することになった」 (I'm getting married, natural); a formal marriage notice writes 「結婚することとなりました」 (I am to be wed, dignified). Interchangeable, but こととなる is higher register, better for formal writing. So to make an announcement dignified, use 「こととなりました」; for casual chat, 「ことになった」 suffices.

Q: Why do Japanese people say 「〜こととなりました/ことになりました」 (as if it were decided for them) even for things they decided themselves?

This is a rather interesting Japanese habit of indirect, humble expression. 「こととなる/ことになる」 originally marks “a (non-personal-will) decision, a natural outcome” — and Japanese people often deliberately use it to state what is actually their own decision, in order to sound objective, unassuming, not self-congratulatory, with a humble flavor. E.g., someone who decided to marry (clearly their own choice) says 「このたび、結婚することとなりました」 (this time, I am to be married) — using 「こととなる」 to phrase it as “(as things naturally came together) it's been decided,” rather than “I (actively) decided to marry” (結婚することにしました). This sounds modest, not self-centered, as if things fell into place, fitting Japanese culture's emphasis on humility and avoiding self-assertion. Likewise for transfers, resignations, opening a shop, announcements often use 「〜することとなりました」, packaging a personal decision as an objective “(after various considerations) it has thereby been decided.” So seeing 「こととなりました」, don't assume it's necessarily “forced, arranged” — often it's the speaker deliberately stating their own decision in an indirect, humble way. To express yourself modestly and tactfully, this is a handy technique. (To directly state “I (actively) decided,” use 「ことにする」.)

🖊️ Practice Questions (5)

Q1. 「この度、部長に昇進する___。」(I have been promoted to department head — a written announcement)

(A) ことになりました (B) こととなりました (C) ことにしました (D) こととしました

Q2. 「もうお酒を飲まない___。」(I've decided not to drink anymore — my own decision)

(A) こととなった (B) ことになった (C) ことにした (D) こととした

Q3. 「会議は来週に延期される___です。」(The meeting has been postponed to next week — a general explanation)

(A) こととなる (B) ことになる (C) ことにする (D) both B and C work

Q4. 「こととなる」が「ことになる」より正式な理由は?

(A) こととなる は動詞の意向形を使う。

(B) こととなる は書面・公式的な場面で使われ、格調が高い。

(C) ことになる は否定文のみ。

(D) 意味は全く同じで、違いはない。

Q5. 「本プロジェクトは終了する___、メンバーに感謝します。」(This project has been brought to a close, and I thank the members)

(A) ことになり (B) こととなり (C) ことにし (D) こととして


Answer Explanations

1. (B) こととなりました ──「この度、部長に昇進することとなりました」(I have been promoted to department head) = a written / formal announcement → こととなる. (A) ことになりました is less formal, (C) ことにしました is one's own decision (not an announcement), (D) こととしました is unnatural.

2. (C) ことにした ── 「お酒を飲まないことにした」(I've decided not to drink) = a decision made by oneself → ことにする.

3. (B) ことになる ── 「延期されることになる」(it has been postponed) = decided by circumstances / external factors (a general explanation) → ことになる.

4. (B) ── こととなる is used in written / official contexts (announcements, notices, business documents), carrying an official feel and dignity, more formal than ことになる.

5. (B) こととなり ──「プロジェクトは終了することとなり」(the project has officially been brought to a close), 「感謝します」= a written / official announcement → こととなる. (A) ことになり is less formal, (C) ことにし is one's own decision, (D) こととして is unnatural.

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