“〜sou da” (hearsay): I Hear That 〜 / They Say 〜 (relaying heard information) [JLPT N4]
Content by NTJ Kuma · Nihongo to Japan editorial team · Updated July 27, 2026
「雨が降るそうだ」(聞いた)— relay what you heard, unchanged (not 「降りそう」, which is what it looks like).
「ニュースによると、台風が来るそうだ」 — relaying verbatim with 「〜そうだ (hearsay)」
「ニュースによると、明日は台風が来るそうだ」 (per the news, a typhoon's coming tomorrow) — 「(plain form) + そうだ (hearsay)」 means “I hear ~, they say ~,” relaying verbatim news you got from outside (someone, the news, a book). This guide focuses on hearsay-そうだ's attachment and source-marking (〜によると), and separates it from appearance-そうだ (same form, different use — see the comparison guide).
Core: relay what you heard, verbatim
「そうだ (hearsay)」 = “I hear ~, they say ~,” relaying external info:
- Relaying news: 田中さんは来月結婚するそうだ (I hear Tanaka's marrying next month).
- Marking the source: often with 「〜によると (according to)」: 天気予報によると、雨だそうだ.
Attachment: always the plain form (dictionary/た-form/ない-form/noun だ): 来るそうだ, 来たそうだ, 学生だそうだ.
How to Connect
| Attaches to | Form | Example |
|---|---|---|
| verb | plain form + そうだ | 来るそうだ |
| i-adjective | 〜い + そうだ | 難しいそうだ |
| na-adjective/noun | 〜だ + そうだ | 元気だそうだ |
| source | 〜によると/の話では | 〜によると…そうだ |
Examples in context
- ニュースによると、明日は台風が来るそうだ。(Per the news, a typhoon's coming tomorrow.) — source
- 彼女は体調が悪いそうだ。(I hear she's unwell.) — relaying
- 天気予報では、明日は雨だそうだ。(The forecast says it'll rain tomorrow.) — source
- この問題は難しいそうだ。(I hear this problem is hard.) — relaying
- 田中さんの話では、店は閉まったそうだ。(Per Tanaka, the shop closed.) — source
⚠️ Easy traps to avoid
① Hearsay attaches to the “plain form” — don't confuse with appearance. Hearsay = 降るそうだ (dictionary, I hear it'll fall); appearance = 降りそうだ (ます-stem, looks about to fall). Different attachment (plain form vs stem), different meaning (I hear vs looks like). See the 〈そうだ two-use〉 guide.
② Hearsay-そうだ has no negative or question form. You can't ask 「〜そうだ?」 or negate 「〜そうじゃない」. To negate the content, negate it earlier (雨が降らないそうだ = I hear it won't rain). The hearsay そうだ itself doesn't inflect.
③ Often with 「〜によると/の話では」 to mark the source. When relaying, you usually name where it came from — ニュースによると, 田中さんの話では, 天気予報では… + そうだ. This makes the hearsay clear and accountable.
🔄 Compare: hearsay-そうだ vs らしい vs ようだ
| Form | Nuance | Example |
|---|---|---|
| そうだ (hearsay) | direct relay of what's heard | 雨が降るそうだ |
| らしい | heard + some inference | 雨らしい |
| ようだ | your own overall judgment | 雨のようだ |
💡 Quick takeaway
「伝聞そうだ (hearsay)」 is simply “I hear, they say” — passing on news from the media, people, or books, verbatim. The attachment is easy: always the plain form (来るそうだ, 難しいそうだ, 元気だそうだ), unlike appearance which changes to the stem. A handy habit: when relaying, add the source (ニュースによると…そうだ, 友達の話では…そうだ) — it sounds clearer and more accountable. Told apart from appearance-そうだ by attachment (hearsay → plain form, appearance → stem); details in the 〈そうだ two-use〉 guide. Vs らしい: そうだ is a more direct relay, らしい carries some of your own inference.
❓ FAQ
Q: How do I tell hearsay 「そうだ」 from appearance 「そうだ」?
By attachment. Hearsay = plain form + そうだ (I hear: 雨が降るそうだ = I hear it'll rain, dictionary unchanged); appearance = ます-stem/adjective stem + そうだ (looks like: 雨が降りそうだ = looks about to rain, drop る). The difference: hearsay keeps the full plain form (降る), appearance uses the stem (降り). One is “someone told me,” the other “I judge by appearance.” The key distinction (see the 〈そうだ two-use〉 guide).
Q: How do I mark the source with hearsay 「そうだ」?
Often with 「〜によると」「〜の話では」「〜では」 up front: ニュースによると、台風が来るそうだ (per the news…); 田中さんの話では、店が移転したそうだ (per Tanaka…); 天気予報では、雨だそうだ (the forecast says…). Marking the source makes the relay clearer and signals “this isn't my claim, I heard it” — more accountable and objective. Hearsay そうだ + a source marker is a very natural pairing.
🖊️ Practice Questions (5)
Q1. 「ニュースによると、明日は台風が来る___。」 (relaying a news report)
(A) らしい (B) そうだ (C) そうだ(様態) (D) みたいだ
Q2. 「彼女は体調が悪い___、今日は来ないって。」 (I hear she's unwell)
(A) そうだ (B) ようだ (C) そうだ(様態) (D) みたいだ
Q3. 「天気予報では明日は雨___。傘持ってきた方がいいかも。」 (relaying the weather forecast)
(A) だらしい (B) だそうだ (C) そうだ(様態) (D) みたいだ
Q4. 「この問題は難しい___。」 Which of these is hearsay (I hear it's difficult)?
(A) 難しそうだ(様態)
(B) 難しいそうだ(伝聞)
(C) 難しらしい
(D) 難しいようだ
Q5. Which most naturally expresses "not quite sure, but I think I heard ~" (strong uncertainty)?
(A) 彼は来るそうだ。
(B) 彼は来るらしい。
(C) 彼は来るという。
(D) 彼は来るみたいだ (same as B)
Answer Explanations
1. (B) そうだ(伝聞) ── 「ニュースによると (according to the news)」 = directly relaying a media report → そうだ (hearsay). Attachment: 台風が来る (plain form) + そうだ.
2. (A) そうだ(伝聞) ── 「体調が悪いそうだ、来ないって (says she won't come)」 = directly relaying someone else's statement → そうだ (hearsay).
3. (B) だそうだ ── the forecast is 「明日は雨」 = noun (雨) + だ + そうだ = 「雨だそうだ」. A noun takes だ before hearsay そうだ.
4. (B) 難しいそうだ ── hearsay = plain form + そうだ: 難しい (い-adj plain form) + そうだ = 難しいそうだ. (A) 難しそうだ is appearance (looks difficult) = a different attachment (drop い).
5. (B) らしい ── らしい carries a "not quite certain / indirectly heard" nuance, more uncertain than そうだ (which is a more direct relay). (A) そうだ is a direct relay, medium certainty; (B) らしい is the most uncertain; (C) という is a quotation, more certain.