“〜tame ni”: Purpose “for” / Cause “due to” [JLPT N4]

Content by NTJ Kuma · Nihongo to Japan editorial team · Updated July 27, 2026

合格するために勉強する」「台風のために中止」 — purpose “for,” and cause “due to.”

「〜ために」: “for” or “due to”? — two uses, told by attachment

試験に合格するために勉強する」 (study for passing the exam), 「台風のために試合が中止」 (the match was called off due to a typhoon) — the same 「ために」, one is “for (purpose),” the other “due to (cause).” How to tell? By attachment and meaning: a volitional verb/noun の = purpose; an (objective event) = cause. This guide covers 「ために」's two uses and separates it from purpose-marking 「ように」.

Core: purpose “for” vs cause “due to”

「ために」 has two uses:

Test: “in order to achieve…” = purpose; “because … happened (causing)” = cause.

Attachment/two uses

UseAttachmentExample
purpose (for)volitional verb (dictionary)/noun の合格するために
purpose (noun)noun + の + ために健康のために
cause (due to)an event (verb/noun の)台風のために (中止)

例句與情境

⚠️ Where learners slip up

Purpose ために vs ように, by whether the verb is volitional. ために takes a volitional verb (same subject, deliberate: 合格するために勉強する = study to pass); ように takes a non-volitional/potential/negative (合格できるように = so I can pass, 忘れないように = so I won't forget). For “so I can…,” use ように.

Cause ために is mostly negative and formal. 台風のために中止 (due to a typhoon) — the cause use often pairs with a negative result and is more written. Everyday causes use 「から/ので」.

The two uses by attachment + meaning. “For… (to do)” = purpose (the latter is a deliberate act); “due to… (causing a result)” = cause (the latter is an unintended result). 合格するために (purpose) vs 病気のために (cause).

🔄 Nuance & comparison: ために/ように/ので

FormNuanceExample
〜ために (purpose)for (volitional verb, deliberate)合格するために
〜ように (purpose)so that (can…/won't…, non-volitional)合格できるように
〜ために (cause)due to (mostly negative, written)台風のために
〜ので (cause)because (colloquial, neutral)台風なので

💡 Learning tip

「ために」 has two uses; remember the test: “to achieve a purpose (doing it deliberately)” = purpose; “because something happened (causing a result)” = cause. The purpose use is most common (合格するために, 健康のために), attaching to a volitional verb or noun の. The cause use (台風のために中止) is mostly negative and written; everyday causes actually use 「から/ので」. Another mix-up point: purpose ために vs ように — deliberate acts use ために (合格するために勉強), “so I can…/won't…” uses ように (合格できるように, 遅れないように). Grasp “volitional verb → ために, potential/negative → ように” and you won't misuse purpose.

❓ Quick FAQ

Q: How do I tell purpose ために from cause ために?

By whether the latter clause is a “deliberate act” or an “unintended result.” Purpose (for): the latter is a deliberate act to achieve the former (試験に合格するために、勉強する = to pass, I (deliberately) study); Cause (due to): the latter is a (unintended) result of the former, often negative (台風のために、試合が中止 = due to the typhoon, the match was (forced to be) called off). Simply: “for… (doing)” = purpose; “because… (so it became)” = cause.

Q: Purpose: ために or ように?

By the verb: 「ために」 takes a volitional verb (an action you control, deliberate, same subject before/after) — 日本語を勉強するために、日本に来た (I came to Japan to study Japanese); 「ように」 takes a non-volitional verb (potential, negative, intransitive) — 日本語が話せるように、練習する (I practice so I can speak Japanese), 風邪をひかないように (so I won't catch a cold). Rule of thumb: deliberate purpose → ために, “so I can…/won't…” → ように.

🖊️ Practice Quiz

Q1. 彼は会社に遅刻しない___、早く家を出ました。

(A) ために (B) だから (C) ように (D) から

Q2. 台風の___、試合が中止になりました。

(A) せいで (B) ために (C) ように (D) から

Q3. 試験に合格する___、毎日 10 時間勉強しています。

(A) ように (B) ために (C) から (D) ので

Q4. 子供が日本語を話せる___、毎日練習させています。(different subjects)

(A) ために (B) ように (C) から (D) ので

Q5. Which sentence is correct?

(A) 早く寝るために、疲れました。

(B) 健康のために、野菜を食べてください。

(C) 雨が降るために、傘を持って行って。

(D) 寝坊しないために、目覚ましを消した。


Answer Key

1. (C) ように ── 「遅刻しない」 is a negative form stressing a desired state → ように (ために doesn't take a negative).

2. (B) ために ── a typhoon is an objective cause (uncontrollable) → cause ために. (せいで also works but is more blame-oriented.)

3. (B) ために ── a volitional action with the same subject (study to pass) → ために: 合格するために.

4. (B) ように ── ‘so the child can speak' uses the potential 話せる, with different subjects → ように.

5. (B) 健康のために、野菜を食べてください ── purpose noun + のために. (A) reverses purpose/result; (C) 雨が降る is a future event (should use ので); (D) is contradictory.

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