“〜tame ni”: Purpose “for” / Cause “due to” [JLPT N4]
Content by NTJ Kuma · Nihongo to Japan editorial team · Updated July 27, 2026
「合格するために勉強する」「台風のために中止」 — purpose “for,” and cause “due to.”
「〜ために」: “for” or “due to”? — two uses, told by attachment
「試験に合格するために勉強する」 (study for passing the exam), 「台風のために試合が中止」 (the match was called off due to a typhoon) — the same 「ために」, one is “for (purpose),” the other “due to (cause).” How to tell? By attachment and meaning: a volitional verb/noun の = purpose; an (objective event) = cause. This guide covers 「ために」's two uses and separates it from purpose-marking 「ように」.
Core: purpose “for” vs cause “due to”
「ために」 has two uses:
- Purpose (for): attaches to a volitional verb (dictionary)/noun の — 合格するために (to pass), 健康のために (for health). Same subject before and after; the latter is a deliberate act.
- Cause (due to): attaches to an objective event (often negative) — 台風のために中止 (called off due to a typhoon), 事故のために遅れた (late due to an accident).
Test: “in order to achieve…” = purpose; “because … happened (causing)” = cause.
Attachment/two uses
| Use | Attachment | Example |
|---|---|---|
| purpose (for) | volitional verb (dictionary)/noun の | 合格するために |
| purpose (noun) | noun + の + ために | 健康のために |
| cause (due to) | an event (verb/noun の) | 台風のために (中止) |
例句與情境
- 試験に合格するために、毎日10時間勉強する。(To pass the exam, I study 10 hours a day.) — purpose
- 健康のために、毎朝走っている。(For my health, I run every morning.) — purpose (noun)
- 台風のために、試合が中止になった。(Due to the typhoon, the match was called off.) — cause
- 事故のために、電車が遅れた。(Due to an accident, the train was late.) — cause
- 家族のために、一生懸命働く。(For my family, I work hard.) — purpose
⚠️ Where learners slip up
① Purpose ために vs ように, by whether the verb is volitional. ために takes a volitional verb (same subject, deliberate: 合格するために勉強する = study to pass); ように takes a non-volitional/potential/negative (合格できるように = so I can pass, 忘れないように = so I won't forget). For “so I can…,” use ように.
② Cause ために is mostly negative and formal. 台風のために中止 (due to a typhoon) — the cause use often pairs with a negative result and is more written. Everyday causes use 「から/ので」.
③ The two uses by attachment + meaning. “For… (to do)” = purpose (the latter is a deliberate act); “due to… (causing a result)” = cause (the latter is an unintended result). 合格するために (purpose) vs 病気のために (cause).
🔄 Nuance & comparison: ために/ように/ので
| Form | Nuance | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 〜ために (purpose) | for (volitional verb, deliberate) | 合格するために |
| 〜ように (purpose) | so that (can…/won't…, non-volitional) | 合格できるように |
| 〜ために (cause) | due to (mostly negative, written) | 台風のために |
| 〜ので (cause) | because (colloquial, neutral) | 台風なので |
💡 Learning tip
「ために」 has two uses; remember the test: “to achieve a purpose (doing it deliberately)” = purpose; “because something happened (causing a result)” = cause. The purpose use is most common (合格するために, 健康のために), attaching to a volitional verb or noun の. The cause use (台風のために中止) is mostly negative and written; everyday causes actually use 「から/ので」. Another mix-up point: purpose ために vs ように — deliberate acts use ために (合格するために勉強), “so I can…/won't…” uses ように (合格できるように, 遅れないように). Grasp “volitional verb → ために, potential/negative → ように” and you won't misuse purpose.
❓ Quick FAQ
Q: How do I tell purpose ために from cause ために?
By whether the latter clause is a “deliberate act” or an “unintended result.” Purpose (for): the latter is a deliberate act to achieve the former (試験に合格するために、勉強する = to pass, I (deliberately) study); Cause (due to): the latter is a (unintended) result of the former, often negative (台風のために、試合が中止 = due to the typhoon, the match was (forced to be) called off). Simply: “for… (doing)” = purpose; “because… (so it became)” = cause.
Q: Purpose: ために or ように?
By the verb: 「ために」 takes a volitional verb (an action you control, deliberate, same subject before/after) — 日本語を勉強するために、日本に来た (I came to Japan to study Japanese); 「ように」 takes a non-volitional verb (potential, negative, intransitive) — 日本語が話せるように、練習する (I practice so I can speak Japanese), 風邪をひかないように (so I won't catch a cold). Rule of thumb: deliberate purpose → ために, “so I can…/won't…” → ように.
🖊️ Practice Quiz
Q1. 彼は会社に遅刻しない___、早く家を出ました。
(A) ために (B) だから (C) ように (D) から
Q2. 台風の___、試合が中止になりました。
(A) せいで (B) ために (C) ように (D) から
Q3. 試験に合格する___、毎日 10 時間勉強しています。
(A) ように (B) ために (C) から (D) ので
Q4. 子供が日本語を話せる___、毎日練習させています。(different subjects)
(A) ために (B) ように (C) から (D) ので
Q5. Which sentence is correct?
(A) 早く寝るために、疲れました。
(B) 健康のために、野菜を食べてください。
(C) 雨が降るために、傘を持って行って。
(D) 寝坊しないために、目覚ましを消した。
Answer Key
1. (C) ように ── 「遅刻しない」 is a negative form stressing a desired state → ように (ために doesn't take a negative).
2. (B) ために ── a typhoon is an objective cause (uncontrollable) → cause ために. (せいで also works but is more blame-oriented.)
3. (B) ために ── a volitional action with the same subject (study to pass) → ために: 合格するために.
4. (B) ように ── ‘so the child can speak' uses the potential 話せる, with different subjects → ように.
5. (B) 健康のために、野菜を食べてください ── purpose noun + のために. (A) reverses purpose/result; (C) 雨が降る is a future event (should use ので); (D) is contradictory.