The Causative (〜saseru): Make/Let Someone Do — Conjugation, Coercion vs Permission (essential at N4) [JLPT N4]

Content by NTJ Kuma · Nihongo to Japan editorial team · Updated July 27, 2026

“make a child eat vegetables,” “let him do what he likes” — させる can be both coercion and permission

「母は弟に野菜を食べさせた」 — “make/let” someone do something

A mother makes her brother eat vegetables, a boss has a subordinate handle a case — this “make/let/have someone do an action” uses the causative 「〜(さ)せる」. Formation: godan あ-row + せる (読む→読ませる), ichidan drop 「る」 + させる (食べる→食べさせる). It has two shades — coercion (make) and permission (let) — plus the key に/を particle rule and the very useful 「〜させてください (please let me …).」 All here, with examples and practice.

Formation (see 〈verb groups〉)

(Colloquially sometimes shortened to 「〜(さ)す」: 読ます, 食べさす — but standard writing uses させる.)

Formation table

Verb typeRuleExample
godan (G1)あ-row + せる読む→読ませる (read → make someone read)
ichidan (G2)drop 「る」 + させる食べる→食べさせる (eat → make someone eat)
する→ させる勉強させる
来る→ 来させるさせる

Examples in context

⚠️ Where learners slip up

Transitive takes に, intransitive takes を (most tested): if the base verb is transitive (has an object, e.g. 本を読む) → the doer takes (学生本を読ませる); if intransitive (no object, e.g. 行く・遊ぶ・泣く) → the doer takes (子供行かせる, 赤ちゃん泣かせる). The empty を slot of an intransitive gets filled by the person.

Coercion vs permission is by context; Japanese doesn't distinguish them: 「食べさせる」 can be “force to eat” or “let (willingly) eat” — the same form, told by context. To mark “permission” clearly, add 「〜させてあげる」; to mark “force,” pair with 「無理やり.」

Don't drop the 「さ」 for ichidan and する: 食べる→食べせる (✗食べせる), する→せる. Drop the さ and it's wrong.

Emotive causatives are common: 泣かせる (make cry), 笑わせる (make laugh), 喜ばせる (make happy), 困らせる (put on the spot) — “make someone feel an emotion” is also causative, and high-frequency.

🔄 Compare: causative/causative-passive/てもらう

FormFeelExample
〜(さ)せるmake/let someone do (subject in control)学生に読ませる (has the students read it)
〜(さ)せられるbe made to do (causative-passive, see 〈causative-passive〉)読まされる
〜てもらうhave someone do (for my benefit)読んでもらう
〜させてくださいplease let me do (polite request)やらせてください

Going deeper: the workplace-daily 「させてください/させていただく」

The most useful extension is humbly requesting “let me do ~” — used daily at work and when asking favors:

These combine “causative + request/keigo” to phrase “I'll do something” extremely politely (on the surface “please allow me,” in effect a courteous announcement). ⚠️Don't drop the さ (for ichidan/する verbs: 食べせてください). To go further and express “be forced to do,” see 〈causative-passive (させられる)〉.

💡 The key point in use

For the causative, first drill the formation (godan あ-row + せる, ichidan + させる, する→させる), then bank three practical points: ① transitive takes に, intransitive takes を (学生に読ませる/子供を遊ばせる); ② 「〜させてください」 = please let me …, used daily at work and asking favors; ③ emotive causatives (泣かせる・笑わせる・喜ばせる) are high-frequency. As for “coercion vs permission,” Japanese doesn't distinguish it — context does; master the formation, the particles, and 「させてください」 and you've got the causative.

❓ Common Q&A

Q: When does the causative take 「に」 vs 「を」?

By the base verb: transitive (has an object, e.g. 本を読む・薬を飲む) → the doer takes (学生本を読ませる); intransitive (no object, e.g. 行く・泣く・遊ぶ・立つ) → the doer takes (子供行かせる, 赤ちゃん泣かせる). Since an intransitive sentence's を slot is empty, it goes to the person being made to act.

Q: Does 「食べさせる」 mean “force to eat” or “let eat”?

Either — the causative uses one form for both coercion and permission, told by context. 「野菜を食べさせる」 with a picky child usually reads “urge/force”; with someone who wants to eat, “permit.” To make “permission” explicit, use 「食べさせてあげる」; for “force,” add 「無理やり食べさせる.」

Q: What does 「〜させてください」 mean? Is it common?

= “please let me ~,” very common (work, favors, self-recommendation daily): 発表させてください (please let me present), 手伝わせてください (please let me help). It's causative 「させる」 + request 「〜てください」 — on the surface asking permission, in effect politely saying “I'd like to/I'll do it.” The more humble version is 「〜させていただく.」

Q: What's the difference between causative and causative-passive (させられる)?

Opposite stance: causative 「〜させる」 = I make another do (I'm in control: 母が弟に食べさせる); causative-passive 「〜させられる」 = I'm forced by another to do (I'm the victim: 弟は母に食べさせられる = the brother is made to eat by his mother). One is “make,” the other “be made” — see 〈causative-passive (させられる)〉.

🖊️ Practice Questions (5)

Q1. 「食べる」の使役形は?

(A) 食べさせる (B) 食べらせる (C) 食べさす (D) 食べせる

Q2. 「先生は学生に___。」(The teacher had the students read a book) Which is correct?

(A) 本を読んだ (B) 本を読ませた (C) 本を読まれた (D) 本を読めた

Q3. 「私にやら___。」(Please let me do it・許可を求める)Which is correct?

(A) せてください (B) させてください (C) させください (D) せください

Q4. 「上司に残業を___。」(Was made to work overtime by the boss — causative-passive) Which is correct?

(A) させた (B) させられた (C) されさせた (D) させてもらった

Q5. 「子供に野菜を食べさせた」と「子供に好きな物を食べさせた」の違いは?

(A) 文法が違う

(B) 前者は強制、後者は許可・与えたという文脈の違い

(C) どちらも許可を表す

(D) どちらも強制を表す


Answer Explanations

1. (A) 食べさせる ── 「食べる」は一段動詞、使役形はる→させる:食べさせる。(B) 食べらせる はられる(受身・可能)とさせる(使役)を混同した誤り;(C) 食べさす は方言形。

2. (B) 本を読ませた ── 使役文:先生(使役者)は学生(行為者)に本を読ませた。読む(五段)の使役形:む→ま+せる。(C) 読まれた は受身形;(D) 読めた は可能形。

3. (B) させてください ── 「やる」は五段動詞、使役形:や→わ+せる→やらせる。「やらせてください」= please let me do it. (A) せてください はやらが抜けた不完全な形。

4. (B) させられた ── 「使役受身」:させる(使役)+られる(受身)=させられた。「残業をさせられた(was forced to work overtime)」は自分が強制された被害を表す。(A) させた は自分が誰かに強制した場合。

5. (B) 前者は強制、後者は許可・与えた文脈の違い ── 使役形自体は同じ形でも、「嫌いな野菜を食べさせた(強制)」vs「好きな物を食べさせた(許可・与えた)」のようにコンテキストで意味が変わる。これが使役形の最大の特徴。

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